Showing 36 results for Risk Factor
K Holakouie Naieni, A Fotouhi, M Borhani, B Pooya,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (2-2006)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Malnutrition is a major health problem in Iran. A nationwide survey (ANIS) in 1998 revealed that over 800 000 children in this country were suffering from moderate or severe malnutrition. The southern province of Hormozgan is one of the most severely affected regions, so there is a need to determine disease associations and risk factors for child malnutrition in this area.
Methods: In this case-control study, we selected 1725 children aged 6 to 30 months from both rural and urban areas of Hormozgan. Data for the study were obtained by filling questionnaires and studying family health files. Using the weight-for-age Z score (WAZ) as outcome measure, we examined the effects of 21 different variables, including putative risk factors, confounders, and background variables.
Results: Father's job (p<0.004), parents' education, interval between pregnancies, urban versus rural residence (p<0.001), family size (p<0.03), and misconceptions regarding the growth chart were recognized as risk factors for malnutrition. Moreover, the mean age of the cases was 2.3 years higher than that of the controls (p<0.001). Complete vaccination (p<0.018) and attending day care centers (p<0.005) emerged as protective factors.
Conclusions: Poverty (low-income jobs, rural residence, large family size, etc) is an important factor causing malnutrition among children in Hormozgan. In contrast, immunization and mother's knowledge of the child's growth chart are major protective factors. Therefore, the health system must continue its support for the current immunization program. It should also try to improve the quality of its health education programs targeted at mothers attending state-run health and medical clinics
Z Mohtasham Amiri, S Reza Zadeh Sadeghi, F Khatibi Bane,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (2-2006)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Ecstasy is a methamphetamine derivative becoming increasingly popular throughout the world, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Iran, situated between eastern and western societies, can serve as a significant source of information on ecstasy use and on the users' profile. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of ecstasy use and high-risk behavior among high school students in Lahidjan.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of a representative sample drawn from high school students of Lahidjan in 2005, using multi-stage stratified random sampling. The study questionnaire was administered to 2345 students in grades 8 through 12. The questionnaire was adapted from that used in "Monitoring the future" projects in the United States and ESPAD (The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs). It included questions on demographic characteristics, family profile, social contacts, school life and the use of drugs. Data analysis was done with the SPSS software (version11.5), using χ2 tests and logistic regression methods.
Results: Of the 2345 students selected for the study, 2328 (92%) responded. Of these, 1327 (57.8%) were males and 970 (42.2%) were females. Lifetime prevalence of ecstasy use was 2.4% (55 students) 31 subjects had used ecstasy within the past month and 24 students reported using the substance in the preceding year. Ninety-two subjects (4.2%) had experience with other drugs. In χ2 tests, ecstasy use was significantly associated with gender, use of other substances, cigarette smoking, partying with friends, family structure and poor school performance in the past. There was no association with age, type of school (private or public) or the family's education level.
In logistic regression, factors influencing ecstasy use were the use of other drugs, cigarette smoking and partying with friends (p< 0.0001).
Conclusions: Ecstasy use appears to be a serious problem in high schools. Whatever the causes behind the rise in ecstasy use, personalized and informative educational interventions should be organized in all schools.
Aa Haghdoost, A Mirzazadeh,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2006)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: There is no shortage of evidence linking coronary heart disease (CHD) to various genetic and environmental factors. Nonetheless, exploring the familial aggregation of major risk factors in the Iranian population could add valuable information to the existing body of knowledge.
Methods: We received data on 656 families (1614 individuals) from the Provincial Health Authority in Kerman. The data had been originally collected in a nationwide non-communicable disease control project, under the auspices of the Health Ministry's Public Health Department.
In this study, we divided subjects into high- and low-risk groups based on the 75th percentiles of risk factor levels. Using a random-effect Poisson regression model, we looked at the association between risk factors within families. In all models, the risk ratios (RR) were adjusted for the age gap between parents and children.
Results: Excessive weight in children showed a stronger association with overweight in the father than with the same problem in the mother (RR: 2.35 versus 1.59). Risk of high blood pressure in the father was significantly related to the risk in the mother and the child. The risk of high blood glucose showed a significant association only between parents. Similarly, hypercholesterolemia did not show a significant association between parents and children, but its RR in parent-parent associations was around 2. We did not find any significant familial aggregation for smoking. However, physical exercise in mothers doubled the rate of exercise in other family members.
Conclusions: Although our sample size was relatively small, we found stronger associations within parent couples than between parents and children. This implies that common lifestyle may be a more prominent factor than genetic make-up.
K Khalaji, R Majdzadeh, Mr Eshraghian, A Motevalian, K Holakouie Naieni,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2006)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Considering the lack of adequate basic information on risk factors for road traffic injuries in Iran, a study was conducted to determine the association between potential risk factors and the incidence of injuries in motor vehicle drivers.
Methods: We performed a population-based case-control study on Qazvin-Loshan road. Risk factors related to injury incidence were compared between 175 cases and 175 controls. Cases were drivers recently injured in road accidents. Controls did not have any injury and were selected systematically while the study was being conducted. Injury was defined as trauma needing medical or surgical treatment. Information was obtained through police reports and interviews with cases and controls.
Data were analyzed by two methods bivariate analysis (crude) and by a multivariate unconditional logistic regression model.
Results: In bivariate analysis, risk factors for road traffic injuries risk were failure to wear seat belts or protective helmets, ejection from vehicle, severity of collision, number of crashes, motorcycle vs. other motor vehicle accidents, fire, rain and fog, and collision with fixed objects. In the logistic model, factors such as seat belt or helmet use with OR= 0.619 (0.376-1.018), ejection from the vehicle with OR= 2.952 (1.235-7.056), severe collision with OR= 5.413 (2.865-10.224), motorcycle vs. other motor vehicle accident with OR= 3.164 (1.05-9.537) and raining and fog vs. good weather with OR= 4.562 (1.663-12.514) were found to influence injury incidence. There was an interaction between severity of collision and weather status.
Conclusions: Better speed control, use of seat belts or helmets, not using motorcycles for road travel and equipping vehicles with fire extinguishing capsules are recommended to reduce road accident injuries.
J Rafinejad, A Nourollahi, E Javadian, A Kazemnejad, Kh Shemshad,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (3-2006)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Pediculosis is a ubiquitous and contagious parasitic dermatosis. Throughout the world, infestation by the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) is more common among schoolchildren, especially in those aged 6-11 years. This descriptive/analytical study was carried out in 2003 to determine the prevalence of pediculosis capitis and risk factors involved in the epidemiology of pediculosis in primary school pupils in Amlash, Gilan province.
Methods: The children were selected by cluster random sampling of schools and classes, and then examined for head lice using hair conditioners and a fine-toothed head lice comb. We screened a total of 4244 pupils from 95 primary schools. We used a comprehensive questionnaire to evaluate the effects of school type and location, education level, parent job, regular baths, number of persons sharing the same bed, combing frequency, host sensitivity, family size, hairstyle, gender, and hair length.
Results: Statistical analysis using χ2 tests showed that school type, school location, parent job, regular baths, number of person who share the same bed, frequency of combing, gender, host sensitivity, family size, and hairstyle are significantly associated with infestation. Infestation rate showed no correlations with hair color, season, age, or education level. Results showed that pediculosis is more prevalent in rural than in urban areas. The average rate of infestation for the area was 9.2%, indicating an epidemic situation by standard criteria.
Conclusions: The high prevalence of P. capitis infestation among these children was probably due to poor environmental hygiene and scarcity of water. Hygienic controls of schoolchildren by nurses are important for elimination of Pediculus humanus capitis. This is the first community-based study describing in detail the epidemiology of head louse infestation in the Amlash district of Gilan province in Iran and confirms that Pediculosis capitis is still a problem in many environments, particularly those with low life standards and poor health care.
A Ahmadi, J Hasanzadeh, A Rajaefard,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2008)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent and important risk factor of cardio-vascular diseases. The aim of this research was to determine relative factors on hypertension in Kohrang.
Methods: This survey was a population – based case - control study. The study population consisted of 415 patient with hypertension (cases) and 415 controls without any history of cardiovascular and or cerebrovascular diseases & hypertension. A systematic random sampling was used. The chi-square test and conditional logistic regression model was used and the data were analyzed by STATA.
Results: Family history of hypertension, age over 60, no physical activity, bmi≥30 were calculated as risk factors with odds ratio: 2.33 (95% CI 1.58-3.47), 2.01(95% CI 1.24-2.67), 1.8 (95% CI 1.2-2.7), 1.66 (95% CI 1.32-2.07) respectively (p<0.05). Fish consumption, unsaturated fat consumption and literacy were considered as protective factors with an odds ratio: 0.516 (95% CI 0.35-0.69), 0.514 (95% CI 0.36-0.72), 0.28 (95% CI 0.17-0.45) respectively (p<0.01).
Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight to plan appropriate health promotion programmes by health policy makers.
T Kazemi, Gh Sharifzadeh, F Hosseinaii,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (3-2009)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Recognition of epidemiology of acute myocardial infraction (AMI) in every region could be a need for design the programs for prevention of AMI. In this study we assessed the epidemiology of changes in AMI from 2002-2006 in Birjand(east of Iran).
Methods: All of the patients which hospitalized by AMI diagnosis from 2002-2006 years, included in this study. We compared mean of age, gender, location of living, medications used, condition at discharge and cardiac risk factors in this period.
Results: From 1233 patients, 880 were male (71.4%). Overall, mean age of patients was 62/2±12/8 years and in five years was increased (from 61.7±13/2 in 2002 to 63.5±12/4 in 2006 & p=0.37). The most risk factors in patients were: Hypertension (HTN) (34/8%) ,cigarette smoking (32/1%) & dyslipidemia (24%). These risk factors did not show any significantly changes during 5 years. But the the prevalence of HTN (30/9% in 2002 to 38% in 2006, p=0/62) and DM (15/5% in 2002 to 21% in 2006, p=0/23) raised. Cardiac drugs use tended to increase during 5 years, however only this increase about STK & Statin was statistically significant. The hospital mortality rate was decreased in 5 years (11.3%) but it was not statistically significant (p= 0.48).
Conclusions: Regarding the accelerating the rate of AMI, designing an appropriate prograrme for prevention and modifying cardiac risk factors is recommended.
K Namakin, Gh Sharifzadeh, A Malekizadeh,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2011)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Preterm birth (PTB) is a major clinical problem which is known to be associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity. The aim of the present study is to identify risk factors associated with PTB in Birjand, Iran.
Methods: One hundred and thirty premature (<37 week) and 130 term newborns were enrolled in this case-control study. It was conducted in Birjand Hospitals during the year 2007. Potential risk factors such as type of delivery, maternal disease, placenta problems, previous history of abortion in mothers, maternal addiction, prenatal care were identified from medical files.
Results: Previous of premature labor (OR=4.68), cesarean section (OR=3.34), pre-eclampsia (OR=7.72), premature rupture of memberanes (OR=11.3), inadequate prenatal care (<4 one) (OR=4.15), and placenta previa (OR=8.96) were found to be risk factors for preterm birth. Polyhydramnios, previous abortion and cervical incompetent with prematurity were not shown to be risk factors for preterm birth.
Conclusion: These findings reinforce the need for control of risk factors of prematurity for better out come.
Mh Emamian, A Alami, M Fateh,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Non-Communicable disease (NCD) is a main group of diseases which are responsible for a large proportion of the Global Burden of Disease around the world. Although disparities in the NCDs' risk factors can affect the goals of health for all, less attention has been paid so far on this topic. In this study, we investigated socio-economic inequality in the NCDs’ risk factors and evaluated the causes affecting on this inequality in Shahroud, Iran.
Methods: Conducting this survey, we used surveillance data for NCD of 1000 individuals who lived in Shahroud district during 2005. We determine a socio-economic variable which explained social and economic status of the people using Principal Component Analysis. We then evaluated each NCD risk factors at different levels of the socio-economic variable and calculated concentration index for the risk factors. The causes of the inequality were described by decomposition analysis of the concentration indices.
Results: Concentration indices for hypertension, smoking, insufficient physical activity, and unhealthy diet were -0.141, -0.191, -0.046 and -0.091, respectively. Differences of concentration curves of the risk factors from the line of equality were significant but not for diabetes, obesity and high blood cholestrol. Age, being a government employee, being unmarried, living in rural area and low economic status were the most important factors which influence on these inequalities.
Conclusion: Inequality in some NCD risk factors was significant in Shahroud district. More investigations with larger sample size and more appropriate variables to measure socioeconomic status are recommended.
Ss Azimi, D Khalili, F Hadaegh, Y Mehrabi, P Yavari, F Azizi,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (3-2012)
Abstract
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Background
& Objectives: Cardiovascular
disease is the first cause of death and third place in disease burden in Iran.
This study estimates population attributable fraction (PAF) of cardiovascular
risk factors in Tehran population. PAF is one of the important parameters of
measuring population affect of risk factors and evaluating potential impact of
preventive strategies in community level.
Methods: In this study 5868 participants above
30 years old of Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS) were employed and 501 CVD
events detected during 10 years follow-up. Direct estimate of adjusted PAFs
using logistic regression which is one of less biased exist methods of PAF
calculation were applied.
Results: Highest modifiable cardiovascular
risk factor PAFs, in sequence, was smoking (14.16%), hypertension (11.73%),
diabetes (7.32%), hypercholesterolemia (6.85%) and central obesity (5.91%) for
men, and hypertension (19.25%), diabetes (18.82%), central obesity(9.88%) and
hypercholesterolemia (7.95%), for women. Also PAF of hazardous age and
premature family history of CVD, as most important nonmodifiable CVD risk
factors, were 36.09%, 16.61% and 3.95%, 7.56% for men and women respectively.
Conclusion:
According to the difference of risk factors PAFs ranking in men and women, it
is suitable that CVD preventive interventions to be prioritized by sex
separately. In this regard, besides special attention to control tobacco use in
men, hypertension and diabetes in both sexes and high cholesterol in men and
central obesity in women respectively, should be given in priority of preventive
strategies.
S Bokaie, M Soltani, A Rahimi Forushani, A Bahonar, M Afshar Nasab, S Rohani Zadeh, A Ghajari, D Saadati,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (7-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: White spot, as one of the infectious viral diseases, has made severe losses in
shrimp ponds all over the world. Despite extensive efforts made to deal with
and control the disease, white spot continues to be a major health problem in
shrimp farms across Iran. In this work, the significance of the risk factors of
white spot disease epidemic occurred in shrimp ponds of Choubdeh farming site
in Khuzestan province of Iran is determined.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from June 1, 2010, to
September 22, 2010 in 223 shrimp ponds of the site. Data was collected on 17
variables, thought to be associated with the occurrence and epidemic of white
spot, with the aid of the shrimp ponds owners and fisheries and veterinary
organizations. The occurrence of white spot disease in the farming site was
determined by clinical symptoms and the results of conventional PCR tests. the
effectiveness of the risk factors was established by odds ratio (OR).
Results: It is found that poor management of birds fighting (OR=3.72),
less educated farm foreman
(OR= 3.29) and poor filtration of the intake water (OR= 3.43) are significantly
affected the occurrence of the disease while little changes in the salinity of
shrimp ponds (OR= 0.16) decreases the odds of the disease.
Conclusion: These
findings help better develop shrimp farming across Iran, especially in
Khuzestan province.
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H Faramarzi, P Bagheri, A Mohammadi, E Hadizadeh,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Burns is one the important injuries which may result vital impairment and
disability. Burn injuries are still common particularly in developing
countries. Assessment of the epidemiology of burns is very important to make
effective preventive methods. This study was conducted in Fars province to
assess and describe the epidemiology of burns including its main causes, and
its demographic factors.
Methods: All epidemiological data of patients with burn admitted to the
hospitals in Fars province during 2010 were analyzed in this descriptive study.
Results: Total
of 328 patients with mean age 25.93±17.94 were included. It consisted of 178
male patients (54.3%) and 150 female patients (45.7%), The most common accident
age was 26 years, the average percentage of burn was 36.63± 26.63%, average
hospital stay in hospital was 13.40±12.72 days, 249 cases had unintentional
injury (91/75%) and 79 cased had intentional (24.9%), The main reason for intentional burns was divorce (16.76%), the
most common month accident was December, the overall cumulative incidence of
burn injuries was 7.28% in 100000 people (person per year) and the burn
fatality rate was 29.88%
Conclusion: Epidemiology
of burn injuries in Fars province indicates that effective public health
programs on this issue would help to reduce the incidence of burn injuries in
this region.
Gr Kheirabadi, Sj Hashemi, S Akbaripour, M Salehi, Mr Maracy,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (12-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The rate of suicide varies amongst different parts of Iran. Since there is little knowledge about the risk factors for suicide attempts we carried out this study to determine the status of psychiatric disorders and risk factors of repeated attempted suicide in suicide attempters whom admitted to poisoning emergency in Isfahan, Iran.
Methods: Patients with having attempt to suicide, admitted to emergency ward in Khorshid Hospital in Isfahan and were interviewed by a trained psychiatrist during 2009 year. Interview was based on DSM-IV.
Results: Participants consisted of 703 individuals (424 of them were female) with mean age of 25.9±9.7. One hundred twenty five (125) had positive family history of suicide attempt, 501 people were first time suicide attempters, 106 second, 58 third, and the others were forth time or more suicide attempters. Bipolar spectrum disorders, unipolar depression and adjustment disorders were the more frequents psychiatric disorders respectively. Age, family history of suicide, kind of diagnosed psychiatric disorder and method of attempted suicide were meaningfully related to mean of attempt suicide frequency.
Conclusion: Bipolar spectrum disorders, especially recurrent depressive episodes is the major risk of repeated suicide attempt and co-morbidity of another psychiatric disorders increase highly the risk of suicide reattempt.
A Ansarifar, H Soori, Akbarzadeh Bagheban, ,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of Persian version of survey instrument for Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFS).
Methods: Content and Face validity of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFS) questionnaire were examined with Backward-Forward method. This method consisted of four steps: translation, back-translation, expert review and Pilot study. For evaluation of reliability of questionnaire, 194 adults of 18 years or older from Karaj province were interviewed. For the examination of reliability, Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to assess the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The reliability of quantitative variables evaluated with intra class correlation (ICC) ordinal variables with weighted Kappa and nominal variables with Kappa and weighted Kappa were calculated as well.
Results: Average age of participants were 38.8 15. Majority of participants (66.5%) were in 18-44 years group, 26.8% in 45-64 years and others 65 years and older. In validity procedure, 26 questions were deleted, 3 questions added and 6 questions were modified. Questions of ‘having situations of HIV morbidity’ and ‘Do you currently use drug abuse’ were least reliability and deleted from questionnaire. Others were reliable. (It might be better to say how many questions remained finally)
Conclusion: Our results indicate that BRFSS Persian version questionnaire has acceptable reliability and criterion validity for surveillance system in Iran.
M Soltani, A Pirali Kheirabadi, E Taherimirkahead, Sh Shafie, S Mohamadian, Sh Roholahi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Sterpococcosis/lactococcosis is an economically important zoonotic disease in aquaculture industry particularly in farmed rainbow trout. The annual loss due to the disease is tens millions US dollars. This descriptive study was aimed to identify the regional distribution of these economically important bacterial diseases in 50 farmed trout in Charmahal-va-Bakhteyari (25 fish farms) and Kohgiloyeh-va-Boyerahmad (25 fish farms) provinces plus detection of the relative prevalence of the presence of 20 risk factors.
Methods: Each trout farm was clinically inspected to identify the risk factors, followed by sampling of the clinically affected fish for bacteriological and molecular studies.
Results: The results showed that form 25 fish farms examined in Charmah-va-Bakhteyari, 56.% (13 fish farms) were affected with Lactococcus garvieae and 20%(5 fish farms) were affected with Streptococcus iniae, while these were 64% (16 fish farms) and 12% (3fish farms) in Kohgiloyeh-va-Boyerahmad, respectively. The relative prevalences of the presence of 10 and 16 risk factors were above 80% and 50% in the trout farms of both provinces.
Conclusion: These results clearly demonstrated that occurrence of streptococcosis and lactococcosis in farmed trout has a wide regional distribution in trout farms of these provinces and the presence of risk factors are remarkable in the examined fish farms.
N Shakeri, F Eskandari, F Hajsheikholeslami, Aa Momenan, F Azizi,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (2-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Although the population of elderly is increasing in Iran, few studies carried out on this group. The aim of this study was to identify life expectancy and contributory risk factors for the Tehranian elderly of ages above 60 years.
Methods: Individuals above 60 years old whom were recruited in the primary phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) during 1998-2001 were followed up for 12 years and their vital status were registered (1998-2011). Age and sex mortality rates for age groups (60-69, 70-79, 80+) were calculated and by using Cox proportional hazard model the mean of survival time and hazard rates with respect to risk factors were estimated.
Results: Life expectancy for females and males after crossing 60 years of age reaches to 81 and 80 years, respectively without any statistically significant differences between these two groups. Cox model showed that diabetes, BMI>33Kg/m2 and non ischmecic heart disease reduced survival time in women significantly. While diabetes, smoking, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, history of MI, stroke or sudden death of father, brother or son, lack of physical activity and antihypertensive medications are among the hazardous risk factors for men.
Conclusion: Among the variables studied, only three (ABC) of them were found as risk factors of women's life, while for men seven risk factors were identified. It seems that more studies are needed to determine the risk factors for women.
F Khosravi Shadmani , H Soori, M Karami, F Zayeri,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives : World Health Organization has recommended the main strategies for the prevention of road traffic injuries on some of the risk factors. This study aimed to prioritize the preventive interventions according to risk factors of road traffic injuries in Iran.
Methods: The potential impact fraction (PIF) of the main strategies for prevention was analyzed from national traffic police data registry in 2011 in urban and rural roads. PIF was calculated for risk factors of road traffic injuries and joint effect at three counterfactual distributions: theoretical minimum risk level, plausible minimum risk level, and feasible minimum risk level. The priority setting of preventive intervention was performed based on contribution of each risk factor.
Results : Based on the potential impact fraction of death (PIF calculated using odds ratio of death) the priorities were as follows in order: wearing a helmet by the motorcycle passenger, wearing a helmet by motorcycle rider, and lack of speed management. Risk factors in this study were more important in urban roads and joint effects of risk factors were close to 100 percent
Conclusion: It is strongly recommended that future interventions focus on the use of the helmet by motorcycle passengers and riders, the use of the seat belt by the passengers, and speed management. Our findings indicated that laws and legislations should be pursued more seriously. Calculation of the potential impact fraction is better than the population attributable fraction and allows for more accurate prediction of the future.
F Rahmati Najarkolaei, E Ghaffarpasand, M Gholami Fesharaki ,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Nowadays 60% of deaths and 47% of diseases load worldwide caused by chronic diseases. Considering the different results of the conducted studies, the current study was performed to review the effect of life style educational intervention on improving cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods: In this review, English and Persian databases were investigated. All types of studies were included. There was no time limit. The articles in any other languages but English (except for Persian), and also abstracts presented in international congresses and meetings were excluded. Other studies were included if they had an acceptable JADAD score.
Results: During the primary search, 194 articles were found which through investigations 43 articles were finally included. The articles were published from 1989 to 2013. There were 3 domestic papers. Only two articles (4.65%) did not show any improvement in the risk factors while the others suggested significant improvements in the risk factors following educational intervention.
Conclusion: Considering the general findings of the reviewed articles, it seems that the majority of the articles confirmed the effect of lifestyle education on cardiovascular risk factors- blood cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cigarette smoking along with knowledge and attitude in high risk patients. The finding shows the necessity of “lifestyle” educational intervention in patients at risk for cardiovascular events.
N Tamimi, A Rostami, K Majidzadeh, A Bahonar, H Esmaeili, S Niazi Shahraki ,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Keeping various species of reptiles as pets has become popular in Iran alongside other parts of the world. On the other hand, Salmonellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases and reptiles have been known as reservoirs of Salmonella. Therefore, this study was designed to assess Salmonella infection in reptile pets of Tehran.
Methods: Fecal samples were collected and cultured for Salmonella isolation from 270 reptiles referred to the specialized veterinary clinics in Tehran. Statistical analysis was conducted on the data.
Results: Salmonella was cultivated from 142 samples (52.6%). Salmonella isolates belonged to a variety of serogroups however, more than half of them belonged to serogroups B and C. Most tested reptiles were healthy and most owners were unaware of the risk of Salmonella. Possible contact of these animals with immune-compromised people was recorded in many cases.
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that considering the fact that reptile pets are becoming more popular in Iran, educating reptile owners who are mostly unaware of the reptile’s safe keeping methods is a necessity. Finally, more studies are suggested to further investigate the role of reptiles in the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Iran.
F Bagheri Amiri , Ar Bahonar, E Mostafavi, Ma Mansournia, N Rasouli , Mh Fallah Mehrabadi, D Abdollahi, Sholepash,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (6-2016)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of major contagious animal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the determinants associated with FMD occurrence in farms.
Methods: A case- control study was carried out in cattle farms. The cases were farms with new reports of FMD and controls were units without any report of FMD in last 6 month. For assessing the risk factors, a researcher- made questionnaire was used. Statistical analyses were done with SPSS version 16 using the logistic regression test.
Results: Purchase of new livestock [OR: 14.69 (CI95%: 4.29, 50.36)] and passing migratory livestock [OR: 13.32 (CI 95%: 1.74, 101.87) were identified as the risk factors of the disease. Visiting the farm by the vaccinator in last 2 weeks [OR: 0.17 (CI 95%: 0.05, 0.63)] and buying new livestock from the same village/ city where the farm is located [OR: 0.16 (CI 95%: 0.04, 0.58)] were considered as protective factors.
Conclusion: Considering the role of infected livestock in the country, the most important steps for effective preventation are: areadherence to biosecurity as well as quarantining new purchased animals, and informing and training farmers to not purchase new animals from farms that are located in the infected areas and around the times of outbreak.
