Showing 18 results for Social
A Kassani, M Gohari, M Mousavi, M Asadi Lari, M Rohani, M Shoja,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2012)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Social capital consists of
individuals' communicational networks, social norms such as mutual trust and
cooperation in social networks. The aim of this study was to develop a model to
assess the implication of different determinants such as age, gender,
occupational status, mental and physical health on social capital components to
draw a correlation network for social capital determinants.
Methods: For the purpose of this study, data
was used from ‘social capital' section of Urban HEART-1 survey, which included
22,500 households from all 22 districts of Tehran, who were approached in a
randomized multistage cluster sampling method. Path analysis is a statistical
method to test hypothetical causal models, which requires various causal (path)
diagrams. To demonstrate the causal models of social capital, the hypothetical
paths of various components were developed and the final model of social
capital was drawn using multiple regression analyses.
Results: Path analysis indicated that social
capital components are influenced by various variables: A) Individual trust, by
occupational status, marital status, and physical component of health-related
quality of life B) Cohesion and social support, by education, age, and marital
status C) Collective trust and associative relation, by family size, age and
physical health. Direct effect of these variables on social capital components
was more than their indirect effects (through mental health and physical
health).
Conclusion: Social capital components
are directly affected by occupational, marital, educational status, family
size, physical health and duration of local residency. Planning to improve
educational and occupational status, strengthening family bonds and provision
of local facilities, may improve social capital.
M Shokouhi, E Mohebbi, A Rastegari, S Hajimaghsoudi, Aa Haghdoost, Mr Baneshi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2014)
Abstract
Knowing the population size of rare diseases or special subpopulations like injection drug users (IDUs) is one of the most important challenges in public health and health surveillance systems but it is difficult to estimate these groups. During the last few years, new methods have been suggested to estimate hidden or hard-to-reach populations, one of which is the network scale-up method (NSUM). The NSUM itself includes measuring the personal network size and estimating the prevalence of hidden and hard-to-count populations. In this paper, we basically discussed the indirect methods of calculating the population size, and the history of NSUM and its concepts, and then addressed the estimation of hidden populations with NSUM and the applicable notes for such populations.
A Raeisvandi, Aa Haghdoost, Mr Baneshi, S Garousi, S Farvahari, F Zolala,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (3-2015)
Abstract
Background and Objectives : Knowledge transition is an important issue in social epidemiology. Taking into account the importance of knowledge translation network among vulnerable young people in closed environments, this study was conducted to recognize and survey knowledge transition in school lessons. The study aimed at teenagers residing in orphanages in the city of Kerman, using social network analysis.
Methods: The study samples of this cross-sectional study were all teenagers aged 12-18 years old residing in orphanages. Data was collected via a checklist. In order to study the structural cohesion of social networks and the position of teenagers, density and centrality indices were calculated. Local structure of networks was studied using the triad census method. Finally, the effects of independent variables on indegree index were investigated using a mixed model.
Results : The mean density in knowledge transition was 0.34 (0.42 and 0.27 in girls and boys, respectively. (P=0.2)). Completely null and completely mutual triads were 17.1% and 11.2% in girls and 33.7% and 0.09% in boys, respectively. Indegree increased with an increase in age (P<0.001), the average of the scores in school exams (P=0.002), and studying non school materials (P=0.04).
Conclusion: Age, average score of school exams, and studying non school materials were important factors in indegree. In general, density of social network was rather low. The rate of knowledge transition was small. Therefore, activities are required to enhance knowledge sharing and transition.
F Esmaili, Mh Mehrolhassani, M Barooni, R Goudarzi ,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Productivity and efficiency are the most important and the most common mechanisms of evaluation and measurement of the performance of an enterprise including the Social Security Organization. In the past decades, performance evaluation of various economic sectors has been attractive to researchers in different disciplines. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure the efficiency of the direct treatment section of treatment management units of Social Security Organization by data envelopment analysis method.
Methods: This descriptive- analytic study was conducted to measure the efficiency of the direct treatment section of treatment management units of Social Security Organization through the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method in 2014. Data and relevant statistics were collected from the Statistical Center of Social Security Organization. The Deap2.1 software was used to calculate the efficiency and the EMS software was used to calculate the super efficiency. Then, the hypotheses of the research were studied using the Stata software.
Results: The average technical efficiency, managerial efficiency, and scale efficiency in 2014 was 0.924, 0.992, and 0.932, respectively. Twelve decision making units (DMUs) had the maximum technical efficiency (1), 16 DMUs had technical efficiency between 0.8 and 1, and 3 units had technical efficiency less than 0.8.
Conclusion: This study introduces a functional pattern to managers of Social Security Organization that enables them to have more accurate planning for the development and saving of resources.
B Damari, M Faghihi Juibari , J Najafpoor, M Safari, A Khoshnevisan,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (10-2016)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Social determinants of health affect a wide range of health consequences. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of social determinants of health factors on survival in patients with malignant brain tumors.
Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was done in Imam Khomeini and Shariati Hospitals in 2014. Based on inclusion criteria, the data of 148 patients were collected. The collected data included demographic information (including age, sex, education level, employment status, marital status, health insurance status, number of household members), information about the tumor and disease (stage / grade), The first and the last time of follow-up, type of selected treatment, and the duration of survival after treatment. We used SPSS 15 to analyze data.
Results: Our results showed a significant relationship between survival and variables such as the size of the household, education, employment status, and age. Patients with grade 3 tumors had a lower relative risk of dying while employed patients, patients in the age range 18-30 years, and male patients had a higher relative risk of dying (lower survival).
Conclusion: Lack of reliable databases and appropriate integration and communication between different organizations recording to patient data, and also probable sensitivity in obtaining personal information has led to the lack of systematic information about the impact of social determinants of health. it is recommended that a system of recording integrated information for different disease should be established in the country for designing informed policies based on the evidence.
Mh Mehrolhasani, V Yazdi Feyzabadi , N Oroomiei, R Seyfaddini , S Mirzaei,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Different governance approaches have various definitions and systems about health. The purpose of this study was to compare the appropriateness of the health system performance with the ideology of the selected countries.
Methods: In this comparative study, liberal countries (America, Canada, France), social countries (Russia, China, Cuba) and mixed countries (Sweden, Norway, England) were selected purposefully. Data were obtained from World Bank and WHO’s published documents and discourse literature studies. Causal layered analysis framework was used for data analysis.
Results: Comparison of health indicators showed that mixed countries were in a better position than the other two groups. The health system’s stewardship of the liberal, mixed, and social countries were decentralized, semi-centralized, and centralized, respectively. Discourses of the liberal states were based on the capitalist economy, with lack of reliance on natural resources. Socialist countries, a socialist economy system emphasizes the use of natural resources. In these countries governmental involvement is maximum. Mixed countries have a constitutional monarchy government and benefit from both of these approaches to create welfare based on the ideology of liberalism and the welfare state approach.
Conclusion: Mixed countries with appropriate economic- social conditions, semi-centralized structure of service delivery, suitable financing system, and regional and local management of services (highlighting the role of municipalities), have better health status than other countries. The ideology of the countries forms the social, economic, and political structures as well health. Iran should consider various layers of metaphor, discourse, casual structures, and litany for redesigning the health system.
N , M Farajollahi, Z Esmaeili,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: One of the most common anxiety disorders in children is social anxiety disorder (SAD). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of social anxiety disorder in students in Kermanshah, Iran.
Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study. The statistical population was all school students aged 13-17 years old in the secondary schools of Kermanshah. According to Krejcie and Morgan Table and multi-stage cluster sampling, 760 students were selected who completed a questionnaire on demographic variables as well as the Social Anxiety Scales for Children and Adolescents (SAS-CA). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis with the SPSS-19 software. P values≤0.05 were considered significant.
Results: The results showed that the prevalence of social anxiety disorder in the whole population was 80.18%. The prevalence was higher in female students than male students. The severity of social anxiety disorder was moderate in 12.25%, severe in 4.90%, and very severe in 1.70% of the students. Parental education, parental occupation, number of family members, average household income, and family history of psychiatric disorders had a significant relationship with the prevalence of SAD in students (P<0.05) but this relationship was not significant for the mode of delivery (P>0.05).
Conclusion: This study shows that the prevalence of social anxiety disorder is significantly high among middle school students. Therefore, it is important to consider early anxiety prevention/intervention programs, especially for children in this age group.
S Mirzaei, H Safizadeh , N Oroomiei,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Today, justice is one of the main priorities of policy makers, and equitable distribution of health is one of their concerns. The concept of justice is a health policy objective. International human rights framework places particular emphasis on moving towards equity in health through attention to social determinants of health. In this study, for better recognition of available social determinants of health models, seven common determinants of health frameworks are presented.
Methods: This was a comparative study. The research environment included all social determinants of health models in the world, of which seven models were selected by targeted search. The criteria for selection were justice, evidence-based decision-making, strategic and comprehensive approach, and importance of family in health. The models were studied in detail.
Results: In this study, seven models were identified and investigated in terms of level, type, basis and focus area.
Conclusion: There are many models around the world to demonstrate the determinants of health, and each of these models has its advantages and disadvantages. Wider Determinants of Health Model is the most frequently used model in Iran. This research can help policy makers and researchers in selecting models for analyzing social determinants of health according to the dominant discourse.
A Sadeghi Zerisfi , Z Zeinaddiny Maymand , Aa Haghdoost,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: People living with HIV (PLHIV) experience severe psychological pressure in most communities; however, this pressure is more prominent in women. Therefore, it is very important to monitor different aspect of psychological pressure and psychosocial supports in this group of patients. Based on this need, in this study, we assessed the status of mental health, hope, and social support in female PLHIVs visiting health centers of Kerman, Iran.
Methods: In a triangulation study comprising a combination of qualitative and quantitative components, PLHIV women were recruited and their information were collected using Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire, Sarason’s Social Support Questionnaire, and the Miller’s Hope Scale.
Results: Our findings showed that female patients’ status improved markedly after visiting the health centers (hope: 92%, general health: 80%, social support: 93%). In addition, the results showed a strong positive the correlation between general health and hope (r=0.61, P<0.0001).
Conclusion: Our results showed that such multi-disciplinary service providing centers may substantially improve the quality of life and general health of these women who rigorously need social support.
J Ahmadpour, Sz Asghari, Ar Soltanian, Y Mohammadi, J Poorolajal,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study assessed the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the standard "Problematic Internet Use" questionnaire to be used in epidemiological studies.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2016. This questionnaire comprises five domains, including preference for online social interaction, mood regulation, cognitive preoccupation, compulsive Internet use, and negative outcomes. The questionnaire has 15 questions with a total score ranges from 15 to 105. A score of 15-45 indicates a normal state, a score of 46-65 shows a mild disorder, a score of 66-85 suggests a moderate disorder, and a score of 86-105 reveals a severe disorder.
Results: Three hundred and seven students (31.1%) had a normal score, 445 (45.1%) had a mild disorder, 191 (19.4%) had a moderate disorder, and 43 (4.4%) had a severe disorder. Based on CVR, 10 questions had a validity of 100%, 3 questions had a validity of 80%, 1 question had a validity of 40%, and 1 question had a validity of zero. The overall validity of the questionnaire was 85.3%. Based on alpha coefficient, the reliability of the domain of preference for online social interaction, mood regulation, cognitive preoccupation, compulsive Internet use, and negative outcomes was 87.6%, 91.1%, 89.8%, 90.8%, and 86.2%, respectively. The overall reliability of the questionnaire was 92.5%.
Conclusion: The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were high; thus, it can be used as a standard tool in epidemiological studies to explore the pathology of injuries related to the Internet and social networks.
E Ghaderi, M Nasehi, J Hasanzadeh, Ho Barati, Taheri Sh, M Gholami, Mr Bazrafshan, R Taghizadeh Asl , M Shams,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Social marketing is a method that acts through identifying the needs and demands of the audience and specifying the components of the behavioral market using the results of developmental research. So far, social marketing has not been used to involve the private sector in the tuberculosis (TB) control program. The aim of this study was to design a Public-Private Mix (PPM) program using social marketing.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using focused group discussions (FGD) with six different groups, including tuberculosis coordinator physicians, specialists from different fields in the private section, and managers of selected private laboratories and hospitals in Karaj in 2013 and the components of the PPM program were determined according to the results of the qualitative study.
Results: Most of the participants believed that participation of the private sector in the TB program was associated with significant challenges, including the lack of a well-defined process for communicating with the private sector, lack of a suitable platform, lack of appropriate monitoring tools, private sector’s lack of compliance, private sector’s lack of familiarity with national TB program protocols, lack of appropriate incentive and punitive measures, lack of appropriate feedback to the private sector, and monopoly in laboratories.
Conclusion: To run PPM in the TB program, it is necessary to involve laboratories in the program voluntarily. It is also essential to provide an informational and incentive package containing effective and low-volume tutorials; the package should facilitate feedback and promote respect for the private sector.
E Ghaderi, J Hassanzadeh, A Rezaianzadeh, M Nasehi, H Barati, Mr Bazrafshan , F Mazooji, M Ghorbanian, N Ghavidel, S Razi,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: A great number of tuberculosis (TB) patients present to the private sector to receive care; therefore, integrating TB control programs into private sector activities can enhance the control of TB. The Public-Private Mix (PPM) program is suggested by the World Health Organization to engage the private sector in TB control programs. In this study, a plan designed for PPM was piloted Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran.
Methods: In this community trial, pre-intervention assessment covered 18 months prior to the study. The intervention was a PPM package that was integrated into the health system by Karaj County Health Center. Then, three-month post-intervention data were collected. Analysis was performed with the SPSS 16 software using chi-square test.
Results: After the intervention, there was an increase of 40.7% in suspected cases of TB per month and an increase of 101.7% in smear positive TB cases diagnosed by Karaj laboratories. The ratio of smear positive cases to all suspected TB patients was 4.57% before and 6.56% after the intervention. The percentage of three sputum sample positive patients was 75.5% and 89.9% before and after the intervention, respectively.
Conclusion: The developed PPM program markedly improved the case detection; therefore, it is suggested to fix the potential defects of the program and implement it in all parts of the country.
R Moradzadeh, M Jamalian, M Zamanian,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
COVID-19 has now turned into a global crisis affecting all sections of economy and investment. Many interventions have been applied to control the COVID-19 epidemic. It seems that these measures and plans need to be assessed in the coming weeks and months to determine whether or not they have been effective. Each of these interventions started in their appropriate time during the epidemic; some of them are still in progress and some have been lifted. Nevertheless, improved public knowledge, attitude, and practice has played the most important role in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic. Future studies should take into account such interventions.
F Adelinejad, A Faraji, F Alipour,
Volume 16, Issue 5 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The aim of this research is validation of questionnaire of covid-19 social effects (SISQ) on Iranian students.
Methods: The current study is a descriptive-analytic validation-type study and its statistical population was consisted of students of University of Tehran who 300 of them took part in this research voluntarily. After study of content validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to study construct validity and Cronbach Alfa and cluster correlation coefficients were utilized to study the reliability; for further study on main variables of research, Pearson correlation and T tests were used; analyses were conducted by SPSS25 and AMOS26 softwares.
Results: In study of validity of seventh item questionnaire, based on professors’ opinion, it was out of content validity (cvr= 0.16); in exploratory factor analysis, four social distance, social acceptance, social information and social anxiety factors were extracted which expressed 57.99 percent variance of questionnaire; results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 4-factor model after adding and omitting processes (RMSEA= 0.05, CFI= 0.93, IFI= 0.93, p= 0.09, x2= 85.26), Cronbach Alfa and interclass correlation coefficients were equal to 0.8 for the final questionnaire; correlation of all items with the total mark was positive and meaningful and the values varied from 0.49 to 0.65. Average (standard deviation) of studied people’s age was 24.07 (6.27) year.
Conclusion: 14-item questionnaire of covid-19 social effects on students has acceptable validity and reliability.Further studies in other populations are suggested.
Layla Halimi, Eshagh Dortaj Rabari, Reza Majdzadeh, Aliakbar Haghdoost,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In adolescence, there is a heightened inclination to cultivate stronger social networks within schools, resulting in the exchange of information. This study investigates the influential factors that shape the exchange of information among students within their classrooms.
Methods: The study involved 350 male and female middle and high school students in Hamadan. Two types of networks were constructed within each class: the communication network, representing ordinary students’ interactions, and the specific network, which focused on the exchange of sensitive information about puberty. The network centrality index was calculated, and factors influencing information transfer were evaluated through a questionnaire.
Results: The degree of centrality in the social network of boys exceeded that of girls, with values of 55.4% versus 47.6% in the communication network, and 33.4% versus 20.1% in the specific network, respectively. The degree of centrality of students had significant positive association with the length of time that they spent with their friends. Moreover, we found the degree of centrality of students in both networks, particularly in special network, was stronger in high schools.
Conclusion: During adolescence, boys tend to possess a broader communication network within their classrooms, enabling them to effectively exchange information about puberty. Factors such as effective communication skills, knowledge about puberty, and spending time with their classmates play crucial roles in facilitating the exchange of information among adolescents in schools.
Nafiseh Salehnia, Abbas Assari Arani, Hossein Sadeghi Saghdel, Alireza Olyaeemanesh,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Health promotion is a crucial task for policymakers. Therefore, this study aims to identify the key factors that determine population health in Iran and illustrate the causal relationships between these factors.
Methods: The research was conducted using a mixed-method approach in three stages. First, macro social determinants of health were identified by analyzing available resources from 2000 to 2019. Screening of factors was carried out through the fuzzy Delphi method and a survey involving 15 experts. Finally, the causal relationships between the social determinants of health were depicted using a fuzzy cognitive map.
Results: Initially, 96 health determinants were identified at the national and global levels. After the screening, 8 factors that had less significance in population health were excluded. In terms of causal relationships, the economic system emerged as the most important and influential factor, with a centrality degree of 21.06 and an out-degree of 10.91. Following that, governance and policy-making, as well as national policies, were ranked with centrality degrees of 20.25 and 20.19, respectively.
Conclusion: Irrespective of the causal relationships, the health system holds the utmost importance in population health. However, when considering the causal relationships, the economic system takes precedence as the most critical factor, while the health system does not rank among the top three factors. Therefore, the analysis of fuzzy cognitive maps assists policymakers in understanding priorities and the interconnectedness between sectors in developing and implementing health-oriented policies across all sectors, enabling the adoption of the most effective policies.
Maliheh Dadgar Moghadam, Majid Khadem Rezaian, Zainab Shateri Amiri,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The novel and rapidly spreading nature of COVID-19 surpasses the capacity and capabilities of the healthcare system, necessitating comprehensive management. This study aims to explore the role and relationship of social determinants of health with the ultimate outcome of patients.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the information of COVID-19 patients within the coverage area of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences was examined from three sources (outpatient or inpatient) between March 2018 and March 2019, utilizing the census method. The logistic regression model was employed to assess the predictability of social determinants of health.
Results: Out of 182,602 patients, 100,407 (55%) were men, and 82,195 (45%) were women. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of mortality due to corona infection increased by 1.075 (1.073-1.077) times for each year of age. Additionally, the odds were 2.37 (2.06-2.73) times higher in men compared to women and displayed an inverse relationship with educational level (PV<0.001). Job status did not demonstrate a significant effect. The presence of diabetes (OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.19-1.38), underlying diseases (OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.09-1.22), and immune system weakness (OR=7.94, 95% CI: 6.44-9.80) were associated with an increased likelihood of death. Conversely, pregnancy (OR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.57-1.42) and high blood pressure (OR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.89-1.02) exhibited no significant association.
Conclusion: Considering the relationship between social determinants of health and COVID-19 mortality, it is recommended that policymakers involve sectors outside the healthcare system in addressing health matters.
Sadaf Yahyaei, Omid Garkaz, Sepideh Mahdavi, Somayeh Ramezani, Mahbobeh Poorheidari,
Volume 19, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The mobile phone has become an indispensable tool for communication and interactions. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between excessive mobile phone use, depression, and social loneliness among students at Shahroud University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study, conducted in 2019, employed stratified random sampling to survey 313 students from Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Data collection involved demographic questions, a harmful mobile phone use scale, and depression scale (Kavaja and Bryden). Collected data were entered into SPSS 18 and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics.
Results: The study included 313 participants with an average age of 22.16 ± 3.41 years. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a positive correlation between depression scores and various variables, including education level, interest in the field, native status, place of residence, history of taking antidepressants, employment status, financial problems, family life status, father's age, and excessive use of mobile phones. The results of linear regression analysis, as indicated by the coefficient of determination (0.603) demonstrated a high intensity of correlation between factors influencing depression and the actual depression scores.
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, there is a significant relationship between excessive use of mobile phones and depression and social loneliness in students, which requires proper planning for intervention.
