M Karami, Sm Zahraei, Mm Gouya,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (2-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The Haemophilus influenzae (Hib) conjugate vaccine (HibCV) using a pentavalent formulation was introduced to the Iranian routine immunization program from November 2014. Iran is preparing to include Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), as well. Measuring and monitoring the impact of HibCV and PCV are necessary to provide evidence for introduction and sustained administration of this vaccine.
Methods: We addressed the possibility of implementing the "3-tiered approach to IB VPD surveillance" as proposed by the World Health Organization using a feasibility study. Expert opinions were asked to address published literature regarding the study design and methods of measuring the impact of newly introduced vaccines.
Results: There are different methods and study designs to measure the impact of new vaccines, including population based active surveillance systems and vaccine effectiveness studies. The results of the feasibility study and expert opinions highlighted the superiority of a sentinel hospital-based surveillance system in Iran.
Conclusion: It is necessary to conduct some systematic reviews and meta-analyses to provide evidence for the trend of Hib and Streptococcus pneumonia related diseases, i.e. invasive bacterial diseases including meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis. To monitor indirect effects of the PCV vaccine, implementing periodic surveys on the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriers are recommended.
S Rahmani, M Karami, , M Adabi, A Doosti Irani,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: After the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine, an increase has been observed in the disease due to nonspecific stereotypes of the vaccine. This study was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of pneumococcal vaccine coverage and common stereotypes of streptococcus pneumonia after vaccine introduction in the vaccine recipient countries.
Methods: The Web of Sciences, Medline, and Scopus were searched using a designed search strategy. Studies that reported the prevalence of the stereotypes of streptococcus pneumonia and replacement of the stereotypes were included. In addition, the coverage of pneumococcal vaccination in the countries was extracted from the reports of the World Health Organization. The spatial distribution of vaccine recipient countries and vaccination coverage were determined using the ArcGIS 10.6.1.
Results: Of 6989 retrieved references, 325 studies were included. The highest proportion of vaccine recipient countries were in the African, European and Western Pacific regions. The vaccination coverage increased up to 2017 in the vaccine recipient countries. The common specific vaccine serotypes after the introduction of vaccine were 19A, 5, 3, 14, 19F, 7F, 23F, 6B. In addition, common nonspecific vaccine serotypes were 11A, 15A/B, 8, and 12F.
Conclusion: The results indicated pneumococcal vaccination is not included in the immunization program in many countries. In addition, common serotypes after vaccine introduction of include 19A, 5, 3, 14, 19F, 7F, 23F, 6B. Therefore, it is recommended the health policymakers have a plan for pneumococcal vaccine introduction based on the pattern of the commonly detected stereotypes.
