Showing 128 results for Type of Study: Review
Fatemeh Yazdani Hamid,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (7-2025)
Abstract
This article reviews the impact of isotretinoin on thyroid function, based on various clinical studies. Isotretinoin, a commonly prescribed treatment for severe acne, has been linked to significant changes in thyroid hormone levels, including elevated TSH and decreased FT3 and FT4. Several studies suggest that long-term isotretinoin use can induce thyroid dysfunction, with potential effects on thyroid volume, hormone levels, and the immune system. Autoimmune thyroid conditions, particularly autoimmune hypothyroidism, have also been observed in patients receiving isotretinoin. These findings highlight the need for regular thyroid monitoring during isotretinoin therapy, especially for patients with autoimmune predispositions. Additionally, the article emphasizes the importance of collaboration between endocrinologists and dermatologists to ensure optimal patient care. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these changes and their clinical significance.
Farid Mohamadi, Khatere Zahedi,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (7-2025)
Abstract
Erosive lichen planus of the genitalia is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease primarily affecting the genital mucosa, causing pain, discomfort, and impairing urinary, reproductive, and sexual functions. This condition is more common in postmenopausal women and is often associated with other autoimmune diseases such as vitiligo and thyroid disorders. Standard treatments include topical and systemic corticosteroids, but several challenges persist, especially in cases resistant to conventional therapies. This review discusses novel and alternative treatment options, including immunomodulators and systemic therapies like tacrolimus, secukinumab, and anti-malarial drugs. It also emphasizes the importance of personalized treatment strategies for patients resistant to standard treatments. Additionally, the psychological impacts of the disease on patients’ quality of life and the need for a multidimensional approach in managing these patients are highlighted.
Pegah Tamimi, Aliasghar Ghaderi, Parham Tamimi,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (7-2025)
Abstract
This article reviews the impact of Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) and oral contraceptives on melanoma risk. While some studies suggest an association between MHT and melanoma, conflicting evidence exists, including differences in drug formulations across countries, age at the start of treatment, and duration of use. Most studies have found no connection between oral contraceptive use and an increased melanoma risk, though environmental factors like sun exposure may play a role in this relationship. Overall, it appears that women should continue hormone therapy based on their healthcare provider’s advice, without specific concerns about melanoma risk.
Sepehr Bazrafkan, Afshan Shirkavand, Elaheh Nahvifard,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (11-2025)
Abstract
Cutaneous warts are among the most common benign skin lesions and, due to their high prevalence, risk of infection, and cosmetic concerns, they remain a frequent focus of clinical attention. Among the available treatment modalities, cryotherapy is widely used as a first-line option owing to its simplicity, low cost, and high success rate. However, the optimal choice of probe temperature and freeze duration still largely relies on clinical experience, and uncertainties in tissue thermal parameters may result in incomplete treatment or unintended damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
In this study, a numerical model was developed to investigate the temperature distribution within human skin during the cryotherapy of warts. The model is based on the radial heat-conduction equation and incorporates temperature-dependent thermophysical properties of human skin as reported by Agafonkina et al. (2021). Simulations were performed for a range of probe surface temperatures between -30 °C and -70 °C, and the temporal evolution of the wart center temperature was examined until it reached the cellular destruction threshold. The results indicate that lowering the probe temperature accelerates the freezing process; however, below approximately -55 °C, this enhancement becomes saturated and the risk of collateral tissue damage increases. Based on the obtained optimization map, the optimal probe temperature was found to lie within the interval -45 to -55 °C, for which the wart core reaches the critical temperature (-20°C) within 5 to 8 seconds. Comparison with clinical data demonstrates that the developed numerical model can serve as an effective tool for predicting and optimizing cryotherapy parameters, thereby improving treatment precision and reducing the likelihood of clinical error.
Maryam Kazemi, Fedora Khatibi, Shaghayegh Nasr, Afshan Shirkavand, Leila Ataie Fashtami,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (11-2025)
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation is emerging as a non‑antibiotic strategy for treating infected wounds, particularly those harboring multidrug‑resistant bacteria. aPDI relies on a photosensitizer that, when illuminated with an appropriate wavelength, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause rapid, non‑specific damage to microbial membranes, proteins and nucleic acids. Effective photosensitizers combine high quantum yield to penetrate both Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative organisms, while light sources such as LEDs or lasers provide precise control of irradiance and tissue penetration. Clinical investigations have demonstrated that aPDI, alone or in combination with low‑dose antibiotics or growth factors, can reduce bacterial load in chronic wounds by up to 84 % and accelerate healing. Current challenges include limited light penetration, optimal dosing, and potential phototoxicity, emerging solutions involve nanocarrier‑delivered photosensitizers, oxygen‑releasing dressings, and ultrasound‑mediated activation to enhance efficacy and safety.
Hanie Bakhtiyari, Mohamadsaeid Emaminia, Amin Bakhtiyari,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (11-2025)
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process characterized by structural alterations, reduced elasticity, and wrinkle formation, adversely affecting self-confidence and quality of life. Emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms—including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA regulation-play pivotal roles in initiating and progressing these changes. These modifications, which occur without altering the DNA sequence, are reversible and thus represent promising targets for rejuvenation interventions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of these pathways in skin aging, as well as the impact of environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, air pollution, and nutrition. Furthermore, it discusses innovative therapeutic strategies, including Sirtuin activators, histone modification inhibitors, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), cell-based therapies, and epigenetic editing technologies. Although preliminary results are encouraging, limitations such as the paucity of longitudinal studies, methodological heterogeneity, and safety and ethical concerns remain. Overall, a deeper understanding of epigenetics may open new avenues for personalized and non-invasive skin rejuvenation therapies.
Zeinab Vafaeipour, Behrouz Akbari Adergani,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (11-2025)
Abstract
Cosmetic products used around the eyes, such as kohl, eyeliner, eye pencil, mascara, and eyeshadow are of particular importance due to the sensitivity of the eyes and the potential for contamination. Among these, kohl is a traditional product widely used in Middle Eastern countries, especially among infants, based on the belief in its therapeutic and protective properties. However, kohl has been reported to contain the highest concentration of lead among these products. This study aimed to assess the lead content in different types of kohl, which is an important step toward raising awareness among consumers of this cosmetic-hygienic product. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate studies published in recent years that investigated the lead content of kohls available on the Iranian market. To achieve this, a comprehensive search was conducted in national and international databases including Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar using relevant keywords. Findings indicate that in some cases, the concentration of lead in tradithinal or handmade kohls greatly exceeded the permissible limits. Repeated or prolonged use particularly in children can lead to elevated blood lead levels and symptoms of lead poisoning. Considering the health risks associated with this product, stricter monitoring of its production and distribution, as well as public education regarding the safe use of kohl, appears to be essential.
Alireza Sadeghi Moghaddam Bijari, Hoda Keshmiri Neghab, Mohammadhasan Soheilifar,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (11-2025)
Abstract
The treatment of wounds has historically been a significant challenge in medicine, incurring substantial financial and emotional costs for both governments and patients. Consequently, researchers have continuously sought novel methods to enhance the wound healing process. In recent years, with the advancements in computer science and the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), many professional fields, including medical sciences, have undergone transformations. There has been a general effort to utilize AI as an assistant or even a human replacement in certain processes. In the field of wound care, the application of AI-based tools is expected to improve the speed and accuracy of the treatment system, leading to faster wound healing and better outcomes for patients.
AI has been presented in various models, each operating on different datasets and employed in diverse research studies. Both software and hardware tools based on AI have been designed and introduced in several investigations. Their performance has been evaluated at various levels, from laboratory to clinical settings, and their efficacy has been demonstrated.
Based on the findings, it can be stated that AI can provide effective assistance to clinical and research staff in the diagnostic, therapeutic, and educational processes of wound treatment. In some cases, it may even reduce the need for direct clinical staff involvement for patients.
