Journal of

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Since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic on December 2019, challenges on economic, political, social, hygiene- therapeutic and life style have emerged in many countries. Many researches are investigating on virus characteristics and its behavior and also preventive and therapeutic measures. Despite the virus not being dermatotropic, several skin manifestations have been observed. In this review, overall informations on this viral infection with focus on skin manifestations are presented.

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COVID-19 was announced pandemic by March 2020. Due to the high prevalence of the disease and its staggering spread, it is very important to identify various manifestations of this viral infection.
The aim of this study is to review published articles about cutaneous involvement of COVID-19 disease.
Cutaneous manifestations are rare in COVID-19 disease and it is essential to recognize these possible skin manifestations in order to detect and treat COVID-19 disease and to prevent further transmission.

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COVID-19 is nowadays a pandemic disease. It affects various aspects of human life including physical and mental health and also socio-economic situations. In this review, we attempt to present a brief selection of abundant published papers about pathogenesis, skin manifestations, treatment challenges in different conditions and prevention.

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In this issue, the third article about COVID-19 is published. It consists of the most beneficial and new findings after the previous issue. It has been attempted to explain different aspects of SARS-Cov2 infection and its effects on human social and personal aspects .Nowadays manuscripts on present pandemic are showery and ongoing published. Therefore it is not possible to review all of them, however the authors have done all their best to select and present the most important.

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The fourth paper of review article series about COVID-19 includes a selection of interesting and useful information about this disease and dermatology. This paper contains materials published in literature in various basic fields such as epidemiology, pathogenesis, as well as clinical topics such as symptoms and treatments. The skin manifestations of COVID-19, the challenges of treating skin diseases and dermatoses caused by the virus have also been reviewed.

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The fifth paper of reviews on COVID-19 addresses COVID-19 vaccines, as vaccination has started in the world and Iran. In this paper, we review different types of available vaccines and also various platforms for production of COVID-19 vaccines as well as the vaccines produced in each platform in the world and Iran. Then the considerations about vaccination in patients with skin diseases, specially those using immunomodulator drugs will be presented. Finally, the cutaneous adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines will be reviewed.

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The sixth article of COVID-19 review series is published while the virus is invading the world. In this issue, lastest findings about skin manifestations of this disease, skin diseases course, also diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 and skin reactions due to vaccines are presented.

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Although skin manifestations of COVID-19 were reported later than major organs affected, but it seems that they have gained relatively defined and definite described patterns. Regardless of strength and quantity of published papers and reports of rare cases, generally reported cutaneous manifestations are similar. However affection of vairous nail lesions have been mentioned recently. Even though no skin finding is recognized as specific, this does not mean not to look for and describe skin and nail changes. Common skin findings could be observed in many cutaneous diseases. In this issue, we decided to review literature about nail apparatus affected by COVID-19.

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The COVID-19 pandemic is still present and we are directly or indirectly affected by it. The skin is one of the organs that has some manifestations not only during the course of the disease, but also long after recovery and also after vaccination. Hair is one of the parts that, like the skin, may show disorders during and after recovery of the infection and also after vaccination. In this issue, we aimed to provide an overview of the effects of COVID-19 and vaccination on hair. We also express the instrumental role of hair in the study of other diseases, including psychological problems.

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COVID-19 pandemic has led to many mortalities since the beginning of 2020. As there was no previous experience, no specific therapy was used, except for gloves, masks, special clothes, and antiseptics. So various pharmacologic and
non-pharmacological treatments were tried. World Health Organization published therapeutic protocols in the first weeks of the pandemic that has been changed over months. As there are constant and variable signs and symptoms in different patients in different countries, therapeutic modalities and drugs are various too. Some of these drugs have been used for viral and nonviral diseases, including Tamiflu (that has been used in the treatment of influenza), Ribavirin (an effective drug in hepatitis C infection), immunoglobulin (that has been used in the treatment of various disorders like Stevens-Johnson syndrome), hydroxychloroquine (for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus and other rheumatologic disorders), azithromycin (that is used for upper respiratory tract infections, acne, etc.). On the other hand, consuming spices such as ginger and turmeric, vitamins like vitamin C and vitamin D, and zinc supplements have been suggested. Over months, treatment complications, including side effects of drugs and protective equipment appeared. Complications included a broad spectrum of pruritus and nonspecific rash to Stevens-Johnson syndrome and angioedema. Aggravation and recurrence of dermatitis due to the use of protective equipment and antiseptics have been observed. Increasing knowledge about treatment complications will result in early diagnosis and management and obviously decreasing mortality rates and costs.
This article is a review of common cutaneous side effects of therapeutic modalities and preventive methods in COVID-19.
 

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Background and Aim: Importance of hand hygiene with the COVID-19 has been raised around the world from 2019. We aimed to determine the effect of hand skin health in menopausal women during the covid-19 pandemic.
 

Methods: It was a cross-sectional study which has conducted on 94 subjects those were referred to menopause clinic in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz city during September to November 1999. The tools of this study were the Personal Characteristics Questionnaire and Hand and skin self-assessment tool (Appendix 3 of “WHO GUIDELINES ON HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARE “). Data has entered and analyzed by using software SPSS version 22. The level of significance was considered as less than 0.05.
 

Results: The mean age of women participating in the study was 53.6. The average frequency of hand washing outdoors was 5.28 and 10.43 indoors. Most women (94.7%) had reported at least some degree of skin problem and reported that their hand skin problems increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic.
 

Conclusion: Finding this study has shown that about 95% of women had felt at least one problem in their hands. During COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing with disinfectants were repeated more and more, furthers skin of the hands will be two times more damaged as compared to normal conditions, so the need to increase hand health training as part of general health, especially in older adults' women in advance.