Journal of Dental Medicine

Deep bite is a major clinical problem manifested as higher than normal overbite in anterior region of the jaws. Various studies were conducted to identify the effects of using bite plan and its results. 14 subjects with deep bite were selected out of 400 students of a school who had not proximal caries and had not lost any permanent teeth with healthy periodontal condition. 8 patients were considered as case group and the 6 other as the control group. In case group, a simple labial arc with acrylic palate that caused a gap in occlusion was placed. 2 lateral radiographs were obtained both pre and post 14 months treatment period. After cephalometric analysis, due to bite plane application significant intrusion in mandibular  incisors were observed as well as elongation in both maxillary and mandibular molars.

This study was perfomed on twenty five teeth which showed radiographic lesions( 6mm over 25 mm). the teeth were arranged in seven different groups and root canal therapy ( by warm Gutta-percha technique) as surgical intervention were performed at various time intervals. In this investigation, histologic studies of the periapical tissues begin shortly after elimination of the root canal system with or without root  canal obturation. This healing demonstrated with a) replacement of granulation tissue by connective tissue, inflammatory cells diminish in number and density
b) fibroblastic activity and their differentiation of osteoblast
c) osteoblastic activity forming osteoid and trabecular bone. The newly formed trabeculae extend from the periphery of the lesion to the center and root surfaces
d) nonorganized periodontal ligament fibers return to their original orientation soon after the newly formed trabeculae reach the apical root surface and form lamina dura
Inflammatory responses may continue simultaneously with periapical tissue regeneration and bone formation. Chronic inflammatory cells seem to be present occasionally in marrow spaces of the newly formed bone. Cellular activity and bone formation are demonstrated in the presence of the lining epithelium. This is seen between newly formed bone and apical root tip and might be suggestive of healing of the periapical cyst.

The area of endodontics has expanded in recent years to include operations that formerly were not done. e.g hemisection, intentional or unintentional replantations and treatment of periodontally-endodontically involved teeth. However, treatment of pulpitis and infected root canals occupy the major part of endodontic practice. The radical treatment of pulpless teeth by extraction which was so prevalent a few decades ago has given away to conservative treatment and retention of such teeth. What was brought about this change? Essentially, it has been due to a gradual veering away from the focal infection theory, simplification of strategic pulpless teeth as abutments. Research studies that indicated the pulpless tooth were either bacteriologic or roentgenologic in most of them the method of study was erroneous and unscientific. Roentgenologic studies condemned the pulpless tooth even more than the bacteriologic studies.It remained for an Englishman, E.W.Fish, to clarify the dark points of endodontic treatments by his experiments. he cauterized the gingiva and gingival sulcuses of extracted teeth and proved that contamination of root surfaces was due to above sources.Fish carried out an even more important experiment by establishing foci of infection in the jaws of guinia pigs and found four distinct areas around the focus of infection. These areas are called as zone of infection, zone of contamination, zone of irritation and zone of stimulation, with their special characteristics.From an endodontic stand point this study has considerable significance, as it explains both the disease process occurring in bone and repair following endodntic treatment. The focus of infection is always in the root canal. The periapical tissue is essentially strile except for occasional inroads, despite this focus. As the microorganisms grow out of the root canal and into the periapical tissue they are destroyed by the polymorphonuclear  leucocytes. In such cases where the microorganism overcomes the polymorphonuclear cells, an acute abcess is formed. In most cases however, the reverse is true, the microorganisms entering the bone are destroyed and a chronic abcess developes. Where defence is adequate and periapical bone will be destroyed but a wall of fibrous tissue develops and the lesion is called a granuloma. In some cases the epithelial cell rests in the periodontal membrane are stimulated from a cyst.

Generally speaking, when preserving and restoring the gnathostomatic system the dentist controls tooth morphology to insure proper distribution of stress. So, we restore a portion of a tooth or all the teeth in such a manner as to subject the associated parts of the system to the least stress. We evaluate our diagnosis and control it in our treatment. The treatment should be based on the scientific method. We create optimal occlusion or a desirable functional state of the masticatory system.  Many persons with occlusal imperfections will not have symptoms of functional disorders. This is the psychological adaptive capacity of the neuromuscular system, teeth, dental arches, and periodontal tissues.Recent developments in dental material, technology and instruments however, have simplified the taskaf restoring rebuilding and rehabilitating diseased mouths. So, optimum oral health and function should be the prime objective of all treatment procedures. Because the ultimate aim will always be to restore the mouth to health and preserve this status throughout the life of a patient.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Failure or success of a bridge is grounded on pontic design. Pontic is defined as the part of a fixed prosthesis that replaces  the extracted teeth. According to the importance of many factors such as contour, durability, strength, color, esthetics hygienic design in the pontics, this article has fully discussed on this issues.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Class-Ionomer cements include calcium aluminosilicate glass and fluid component of acrylic acid.  An important property of these cements is chemical adhesion to enamel and dentin and releasing anti-caries fluride. Clinical use of these cements involves filling erosions without cavity preparation, preventive dentistry and filling class V and llI cavities. In addition, another desirable property of these cements is their biocompatibility with tissues and dental pulp.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Juvenile ossifying fibroma of the jaws is a relatively rare but important among fibro-osseos lesions that has controversial etiology, unclear origin and various histopathological views. Radiographic findings depending on extention rate, history and stage differs from a radiolucent cyst to ground glass view to a clearly defined borders lesion. In Histological view,  as well as general characteristics of  ossyifying fibroma, cellular stroma includes many osteoblasts and multinuclear ginat osteoclasts and psammoma-like bodies . due to its aggressive manner, ossifying fibroma is called locally invasive or low grade malignancy which is prone to recurrence. Differentiating JOF with fibros dysplasia is quite important. Two cases of aggressive and extensive mandibular JOF in 4 and 7 year old boys were mentioned in this article. Laboratory, radiographic and histopathologic confusions were cleared by diagnosis of JOF. Treatment includes hemmimandibulectomy without any post surgical complications.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Canine retraction to the place of extracted premolar is a basic step in the majority of orthodontic treatments. This is performed frequently by incorrect axis change of canine which moves its root anteriorly. This study is aimed to evaluate canine bodily movements by removable orthodontic appliances and describing the steps of an ideal orthodontic treatment as well as discussing important points on canine retraction. 4 patients with treatment plan of extracting first premolar and replacing the space by canine movement were selected and simple orthodontic appliance were delivered to them. Radiographic analysis showed pdl increased continuously in the side of force application which confirms bodily movement of tooth. Besides, chair side time  is less for removable appliances. Therefore, removable systems are the most desirable orthodontic treatments although there are some limitations in their application.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA In order to analyze many factors that may be effective in dental carries development, depend on the chief complaint and diagnosis clinical evaluations were performed. 357 patients seeking treatment for pain and dental infection caused by caries were selected. Different social groups were seen among the patients from high class patients like university professors, students and those who  could not afford private clinics and lower social classes who lived in poverty. Questions were asked from the patients about their hygienic status, age, respiratory health and the results were obtained. Of 357 cases who were 153 female and 204 male, 282 had dental caries while the caries rate was higher in women. 195 of average hygiene patients, 165 had caries. Of 41 god hygiene patients, 27 had caries. Caries rate in patients with mouth breathing was 48/58 ratio and those with nasal breathing 193/247. Also, among 52 cases with both oral and nasal breathing , 48 were found with dental caries.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Chlorehexidine is a potent antibacterial  that can eliminate aerobic, anaerobic, yeasts and fungi in 0.12 concentration. It is used to sterile the instruments that cannot resist high temperatures . It is also added to toothpastes and mouthwashes. Currently,  it is used in order to prevent dental caries and periodontal diseases in disabled or retarded patients or patients receiving head and neck  chemotherapy. On the other hand, limitations such as teeth staining, mucosa irritation and taste change of some foods. In fact, Future investigations will clarify its advantageous and disadvantages. As a conclusion, chlorehexidine is approved globally and is administered increasingly.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Granular cell schwanomma is a rare benign tumor that has been reported sporadically. Our case was a 38 year old man with a pink to yellow small lump of 5mm in right buccal mucosa without any complaint of pain or hemorrhage. Microscopic evaluations showed malpighian epithelium with intense hyperplasia in some parts. In underlying connective tissue a new formed tissue is seen with cytoplasmic giant cells. Any malignancy was reported. In this article, clinical and microscopic characteristics as well as misdiagnosis of the disease are discussed.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Correct contour and shape of crown margin or casting finishing line is not sufficient for healthy status of tissues and teeth filling materials.  Thus, all the requirements for preservation of tissues should be provided. Gingival health is a very important issue that should be considered before prosthetic treatments. Via conventional methods, supra gingival margins are the first choice of treatment specially when placed on anatomical crown. If there are specific indications such as esthetics, age, caries risk, free gingival margin sensitivity or subgingival fillings , the place of crown margin could be modified.

It appears that until bone graft has not achieved 100% success, intraradicular diseases remain controversial and therefore, different treatment plans are suggested for them. Treating intraradicular diseases depend on many factors: maxillary molars are more prone to bone loss and have worse prognosis. To assess prognosis more carefully these factors should be considered: 1) bone loss: its apical depth, local or generalized 2) bone condition: buccal, lingual, mesial and distal aspects 3) tooth mobility: grades 2 and 3 have not good prognosis. Crown root ratio is also important. 4) the angle of divergence of roots: the more the roots are divergent, the better the prognosis would be. 5)adjacent teeth health 6)tooth position in jaws 7) age and general health of the patients 8) oral hygiene In general, teeth with 2 roots can be treated more effectively than 3 root ones. Maxillary first premolars are exceptions that do not respond to the treatments positively. We should look forward to the future investigations and findings.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Without mechanical undercut in dentin, adequate adhesion by binding materials would not be achieved although Both molecular and mechanical retention is much more desirable than sole mechanical retention. Hence, new binding materials should replace conventional bindings. Obviously, one bottle light-cured materials are more easily used, have less risk of incorrect mixing and accelerate dentist's practice. In addition, in cases that caries recurrence is expected glass-ionomers can be the best choice.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Xeroradiography is a modern imaging method that can aid diagnosis of oral, dental and maxillofacial lesions, treatment planning and  follow-ups. It has been used since 1970 in medical field and has entered dentistry in 1980 after some modifications. In this technique, x-ray is used with no need to developing and fixing radiographs, negatoscope and dark rooms. A selenium sheet is used in this method that is constantly charged electrostatically. A special powder called toner is used for developing process. In order to have a permanent cliché, a photograph is made from the image. The image brightness and contrast is much better than conventional radiographs while the time of exposure and developing is less. While in medical fields it is used in extraoral imaging, in dentistry xeroradiography is used only in intraoral imaging.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Pleomorphic adenoma is the most prevalent tumor of salivary glands. In present survey, the cases are selected for analysis from 4 valid centers of the country. Of 573 salivary gland tumors, 342 (60%) were Pleomorphic adenoma of which 189 cases located in major salivary glands mostly in parotid gland and 145 cases in minor glands. This tumor is mostly seen in 30-50 year women.  The obtained data from patients and other reports indicated that Pleomorhic adenoma cases can be seen in other exocrine glands except pancreas.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA In this practical study, various types of orthodontic separators were analyzed in order to indentify microbial population on them. Due to high amount of time and energy needed on this issue, only 12 patients were selected. The results showed that elastic separators and Brass wire separators involved the highest amount of aerobic and non aerobic bacteria respectively. Moreover, this can be related to the shape, material and speed of separators  in separating teeth and also their place of installation.  This phenomenon is evident in clinical observations that installation place of elastic separators often involves inflammation, pain and acute swelling of gingiva. Also, Brass wire separators cause lower bacterial accumulation and no clinical manifestation of inflammation and swelling.  Besides, it should be considered that it has polished surface and slow separating effect.  According to the results, we should declare that each separator cannot cause accumulation of a specific  type of  microbes. But the only difference between various types of separators is the difference in

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Thumb sucking is a harmful prevalent habit among children that has been identified since 70 years B.C. and causes many dentoalveolar disorders affecting both intra and extra oral soft tissues. This habit is harmful in many aspects for the children and even their environment but is not considered as an addiction according to its special features. In thumb sucking habit, both the finger and oral surrounding contribute to the habit by specific mechanism. Moreover, Duration, Frequency and intensity are effective factors that compensate the effects of each other by replacing the decreased reflex. Some Scientists believe this compensation is accidental. As a conclusion, the cooperation of these factors can increase the harmful effects of thumb sucking.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Endodontic treatments are based on complete cleansing of root canal as well a multidimensional obturation especially in apical foramen area.  This study was done to analyze  the reactions of periradicular tissues to filling materials in case of  overobturation in endodontic treatments and healing despite extra filling material existence in periradicular tissues. 25 teeth with periradicular lesions (endodontic origin) in patients of 13-85 years were selected. 7 groups were formed based on the time of performing surgical biopsy on the teeth.  In 80% of the cases, despite existing extra materials in periradicular tissues, 100% bone healing as well as collagen formation was observed. Besides, some Giant cells and hemosiderine were found around the areas containing sealer.

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA Every individual may need endodontic treatments for more than once during lifetime. Therefore, a deep long anesthesia is desirable for the patients. In order to diagnose correctly and managing pain completely, modern developments should be concerned. By identifying the origin of pain and pain pathways, its management would be more effective. Nowadays, pain is considered   as a multifactorial phenomenon that can be influenced by many internal and external elements. In this article, the different theories on pain origin and pain pathway and finally on pain management methods are discussed and evaluated in detail.