The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into various aspects of human life raises important questions about its potential benefits and drawbacks. As AI reduces our reliance on cognitive processes, we must consider its long-term effects on human cognition. While, the general use of AI is still relatively new, significant discussions and studies have begun to explore its impact on cognitive function. This letter aims to summarize findings from several studies, highlighting the dual nature of AI's cognitive effects and the necessity for a balanced and targeted approach to its use.
Some studies indicated that AI could enhance cognitive abilities. For instance, Haider et al. (1) conducted a cross-sectional study revealing that AI tools such as memory enhancement platforms and adaptive learning systems improved short-term and long-term memory, analytical thinking, and decision-making efficiency. A review (2) also found that AI-based interventions like brain training programs, promoted neuroplasticity and alleviate anxiety, particularly in older adults.
Conversely, another research highlights the negative effects of AI on cognitive function. Zhai et al. (3) conducted a systematic review demonstrating that prolonged use of AI conversational systems in education could hinder independent problem-solving and analytical reasoning, introducing risks such as algorithmic bias, privacy violations, and plagiarism. Furthermore, excessive reliance on AI has been linked to diminished critical thinking, creativity, and work ethic, potentially fostering psychological dependence and reducing motivation for deeper learning (1). Increased screen time and reliance on AI may also alter brain structure, resulting in reduced gray matter in frontal regions and impairing attention, memory, and socioemotional regulation (2).
The impact of AI varies across different age groups. In children, unsupervised AI use can impede language development and attention span. Among young people, social media and AI tools may contribute to anxiety, loneliness, and poor academic performance. For older adults, while cognitive training through AI shows promise, it necessitates support for digital literacy (2).
In summary, while AI can enhance cognition in certain contexts, its unchecked use poses risks to creativity, independent thinking, and ethical standards. For optimal outcomes, AI usage should be accompanied by human judgment and critical thinking skills must be integrated, and also overall screen time should be monitored and limited. Future research should prioritize prospective studies and develop specific guidelines for AI users across different ages and demographic groups, including students.
