Journal of Dental Medicine

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA One of the concerns od patients have been teeth stains particularly in anterior region. The etiology of this can be pulp necrosis, developmental disorders, drugs and systemic diseases. Bleaching or tooth whitening is a solution for some of these color changes. This article evaluated different methods of bleaching and their side effects . In case in which tooth whitening is needed,  attentive case selection should be done and advantages and disadvantages of each method should be considered in order to apply the best treatment among other options of bounding, veneering or crowning.

  There is lack of consensus among endodontic specialists about the necessity of tug back. In this regard, we designed a study in which 44 single rooted teeth with closed apex were selected and filed up to file #50. The teeth were obturated with lateral condensation method while in half of them there was not any tug back and in the other half tug back was achieved. Apical leakage was assessed by color infiltartion via microscope. The obtained results showed significantly lower infiltration in tug back group which leads to a direct relation between tug back and color infiltration although due to statistical analysis, this relationship was not reliable and needs further proofs.