Guided bone and tissue regeneration is a common technique used in the treatment of areas around teeth and dental implants. In this framework, barrier membranes are employed to create a suitable environment that promotes new bone growth while preventing the invasion of foreign cellular components into this specific setting. Attributes such as biocompatibility with living tissues, structural integrity, longevity, and user-friendliness constitute the principal criteria for selecting appropriate membranes for this particular application. Given the extensive diversity of membrane types concerning their sources, texture, architecture, and inherent properties, determining the most suitable variant depends on the clinical condition presented by the patient and the specific treatment modality, thereby emphasizing its considerable importance. In recent years, fibrous membranes have garnered particular attention due to their distinctive characteristics. These membranes, made of natural or synthetic fibers, typically exhibit high porosity, which facilitates the ingress of vascular structures and osteogenic cells. Owing to their porosity and flexibility, fibrous membranes are considered exceptionally suitable for the regeneration of maxillofacial and dental tissues, thereby contributing to increase bone volume, guide its growth, and at the same time prevent soft tissue encroachment into the restoration area, which ultimately has a favorable effect on treatment outcomes. On the other hand, due to the complexity and extent of oral infections, new nanotechnological approaches have been proposed in recent years to reconstruct infected sites in dentistry. These strategies, by targeting specific sites and having non-toxic properties, can help deliver antimicrobial molecules, regenerate tissue, and maintain oral health. In this context, nanofibrous membranes serve as multifunctional structures, both in the controlled release of antimicrobial agents and as scaffolds for the formation of nascent tissue. Overall, fibrous membranes, by mimicking the physiological conditions of the organism, create an ideal environment for the growth and healing of bone tissues, leading to improved effectiveness in dental procedures. This article is devoted in detail to a comprehensive review of polymeric and composite fibrous membranes with drug release potential.
