Journal of Dental Medicine

Background and Aims: Fissure sealant therapy is a national program in elementary schools in Iran. Therefore, evaluation of the parents' knowledge and attitude is necessary to improve the program.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study, Iranian students were chosen in a randomized cluster manner. The questionnaires were filled-out by students' parents to evaluate their general information, knowledge, and attitude. Moreover, students were examined for having any fissure-sealed teeth. Data were collected and analyzed by multiple logistic regression tests.
Results: 414 boy students and their parents were participated in this study. 57.6% of parents knew that fissure sealant prevents the caries and 44.5% believed that fissure sealant is important to prevent caries. However, only 8.9% of children had fissure sealant. Parents' knowledge was significantly related to the source of oral health information and oral health education. Regular dental visits and high level education was effective in increasing the knowledge about sealant therapy. There was a significant relation between parents' attitude toward fissure sealant and level of education, oral health education and numbers and times of dental visit (P<0.001). There were a significant relation between tooth sealing and parents' oral health information.
Conclusion: Regular dental visits and oral health education have positive role in parent's knowledge and attitude and practice. So parents must be encouraged to have regular dental visit and dentists must be emphasized to give them necessary education. School is the best place for giving proper information to parents.

Background and Aims: Caries and bone loss are the most common diseases in oral cavity. The prevalence of these diseases will be reduced by controlling their risk factors. In this study, bitewing radiographs of patients were examined to illustrate the relationship between caries and bone loss.
Materials and Methods: One-hundred and fifty bitewing radiographs of 86 patients were evaluated. In these radiographs, caries and distance between alveolar crest and CEJ were measured. In addition, confounding variables (contact type, tooth type, tooth surface) were assessed. Furthermore, patients were asked about the use of other possible risk factors of bone loss like smoking, brushing, and flossing. The data were analyzed using Regression analysis.
Results: Findings of this study showed that the relationship between caries and bone loss was significant (P=0.02). Also, there were significant relationships between flossing (P=0.03), tooth type (P=0.0001) tooth surface (P=0.02) and bone loss. Finally the multivariate analyses considering confounding variables illustrate significant relationship between caries and bone loss (P=0.0001).
Conclusion: Caries and bone loss have important roles as the risk factors for each other. Thus, it is necessary to prevent these risk factors and treat them as soon as possible to reduce these diseases.

Background and Aims: This ex vivo study was done to evaluate the effect of different adhesive systems on microleakage of class V composite restorations.
Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted human third molar teeth were selected and class V cavities were prepared (3×3×1.5 mm) on buccal and lingual surfaces. Then, teeth were divided into 3 groups. Adhesives used in this study were Excite (Ivoclar/Vivadent), AdheSE(Ivoclar/Vivadent) and AdheSE-one Ivoclar (Vivadent/Vivadent). After application of adhesives, cavities were restored with a resine composite (InTen-S A1/ Ivoclar), in 3 increments and cured with QTH light curing unit (700 mW/cm). After 24 hours storage of teeth in 370C water, teeth were thermocycled (500 cycles in 5-550C) and stored in 1% basic fushin for 24 hours. After that, the specimens were rinsed with running water and mounted in a self-cured acryl. Finally, the specimens were sectioned and maximum depth of dye penetration for each restoration was measured using stereomicroscopy. The results were statistically analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: In comparison between enamel and dentin margins in each group, microleakage in enamel margins were less than that of dentin margins. This difference was statistically significant in Excite and AdheSE-one groups (P=0.001, P=0.043). AdheSE showed the least microleakage in dentin margins however, there was no significant difference between 3 bonding agents (P=0.14). In enamel margins, there were significant differences between 3 bonding agents (P=0.001). Excite showed the lowest microleakage and AdheSE-one had the highest microleakage.
Conclusion: The least enamel microleakage was associated with the total-etch and least dentin microleakage was observed in the two-step self-etch adhesive system.

Background and Aims: Failure of bonding between artificial teeth and denture base material is a considerable problem for patients who wear dentures. Because of the cost of denture repair and the expensive price of foreign artificial teeth, this study was designed to compare the bond strength of composite and acrylic artificial teeth with heat-cured and auto-polymerized denture base resins.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental and in vitro study, two type of acrylic resin (heat-cured: Selectaplus H/ Trevalon, Dentsply and auto-polymerized: Rapid Repair, Dentsply) and four artificial teeth (acrylic Marjan New, composite Glamour teeth which both of them are Iranian) and Ivoclar acrylic and composite teeth were used. Therefore, 8 groups of 14 specimens each were evaluated. A shear bond strenghth test in a Universal Testing Machine was used. Data were analyzed using the 2-way ANOVA test.
Results: The bond strengths of acrylic teeth (Marjan New and Ivoclar) to heat-cured resin were similar (P=0.632) and statistically higher than those of composite teeth (Glamour and Ivoclar). Acrylic teeth (Marjan New and Ivoclar) and Glamour teeth had similar bond strength to auto-polymerized resin, which showed the highest bond strength values. Ivoclar composite teeth showed significantly the lowest bond strength (P<0.05). All acrylic teeth had the highest mean bond strengths to heat-cured resin which were significantly different from that of
auto-polymerized resin (P<0.05). However, the bond strengths of all composite teeth to both denture base resins were not significantly different (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the type of denture base material and artificial tooth may influence the failure load.

Background and Aims: It is important to use intracanal medicaments in teeth with necrotic pulp. Calcium hydroxide is the intracanal medicament of choice in such cases. Also, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a suitable root canal filling material because of its favorable characteristics. MTA can be used in some cases where calcium hydroxide is used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Ca++ and OH ˉ diffusion through root dentin using calcium hydroxide paste and two different brands of MTA as root canal filling materials.
Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, the root canals of 52 single-rooted teeth were instrumented and shaped. External defects were created on the middle one-third of the root surface. 17% EDTA and 5% NaOCl were used to remove the smear layer. All surfaces except the external defects were sealed and the teeth were placed in normal saline. Ten teeth were selected as the control group. Forty-two remaining teeth were divided into three groups of 14 teeth each (A,B, and C groups). ProRoot MTA was placed in group A. Angelus MTA was placed in group B and Calcium hydroxide paste was placed in group C. After sealing the coronal access, all specimens were placed in normal saline solution. Ca++ concentration and pH were determined after 24 hours, 48 hours and one week in all groups. The data were analyzed with Repeated Measure ANOVA and Pair T- tests.
Results: Ca++ release and pH in group C was significantly higher than those in groups A and B in all time periods (P<0.001). The difference between groups A and B was not significant (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that in necrotic cases with lesion which MTA is indicated (open apex and perforation), calcium hydroxide might be better used as an intracanal dressing before using MTA as a permanent filling material.

Background and Aims: Nowadays, removable partial dentures are applied to patients who are not able to use dental implants or fixed prosthesis. Although based on the studies the users of removable partial dentures are in the risk of plaque accumulation and unacceptable changes such as gingivitis, periodontitis and mobility in abutment tooth. It is not clear whether the negative effects of removable partial dentures are more on the isolated teeth which are a kind of abutment adjacent to endentulous area in both sides. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical condition of isolated abutment teeth without splinting in comparison to control abutment from the aspects of B.O.P (bleeding on probing), mobility, pocket depth and gingivitis.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the prepared questionnaires were filled out by 50 patients who received removable partial dentures in department of removable prosthodontics of dental school of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The patients had isolated abutment tooth and did not have any systemic disease. The obtained data were analyzed. Using Wilcoxon, exact Fisher and Kruskal-Wallis test.
Results: B.O.P (P=0.004), pocket depth (P=0.035), and mobility (P<0.001) in isolated abutments were more than those in control abutments, but there were not significant differences in the degree of caries (P=0.083) and gingivitis (P=0.07).
Conclusion: This study showed that clinical condition of isolated abutments is worse than that of control abutments. More attention should be paid to healthiness of isolated teeth without splinting and periodic follow ups should be done in these cases.

Background and Aims: Dentin contamination with different materials used in pediatrics is effective on the bond strength of adhesives to primary teeth. Therefore, the purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of zinc oxide-eugenol and formocresol on the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin composite to the dentin in primary teeth.

Materials and Methods: A total of 72 extracted second morals were selected and mounted in acrylic resin. Buccal and lingual dentin surface were prepared and randomly allocated into 4 groups of 18 specimens each. Groups were subjected to different treatments as follows: group A, the surfaces were received no pretreatment and served as control group B, the surfaces were covered with a paste of ZOE (Zoliran) group C, the surfaces were covered with a paste of ZOE (Kemdent) group D, specimens were placed on gauze soaked in formocresol. The specimens were covered with tinfoil and stored in distilled water at 37oC for 7 days. The temporary restorations were removed after one week. The dentin surfaces were treated with single bond adhesive resin 3M (ESPE/USA) according to manufacturer’s instructions and light cured for 20 seconds. Composite P60 columns (4 mm internal diameter and 3 mm height) were applied on the prepared surfaces and light cured for 40 seconds. Shear bond testing were carried out after 24 hours with a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Statistical analysis was conducted using one- way ANOVA and Tukey Post-hoc test.

Results: The mean shear bond strengths were 17.52±3 MPa for group A, 15.41±3.3 MPa for group B, 15.63±3.2 MPa for group C, and 18.57±3.8 MPa for group D. There was no significant difference between the shear bond strength of group A compared with those of groups B, C, and D (P>0.05).

Conclusion: The bond strength of composite to dentin in primary teeth was not influenced by the zinc-oxide eugenol (Zoliran & Kemdent) or formocreosol.

Background and Aims: Accurate bone measurements are essential for determining the optimal size and length of proposed implants. The radiologist should be aware of the head position effects on image dimensions in each imaging technique. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mandibular plane angle on image dimensions in linear tomography.
Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, the vertical dimensions of linear tomograms taken from 3 dry mandibles in different posteroantenior or mediolateral tilts were compared with actual condition. In order to evaluate the effects of head position in linear tomography, 16 series of images while mandibular plane angle was tilted with 5, 10, 15 and 20 degrees in anterior, posterior, medial, or lateral angulations as well as a series of standard images without any tilt in mandibular position were taken. Vertical distances between the alveolar crest and the superior border of the inferior alveolar canal were measured in posterior mandible and the vertical distances between the alveolar crest and inferior rim were measured in anterior mandible in 12 sites of tomograms. Each bone was then sectioned through the places marked with a radiopaque object. The radiographic values were compared with the real conditions. Repeat measure ANOVA was used to analyze the data.
Results: The findings of this study showed that there was significant statistical difference between standard position and 15º posteroanterior tilt (P<0.001). Also there was significant statistical difference between standard position and 10º lateral tilt (P<0.008), 15º tilt (P<0.001), and 20º upward tilt (P<0.001). In standard mandibular position with no tilt, the mean exact error was the same in all regions (0.22±0.19 mm) except the premolar region which the mean exact error was calculated as 0.44±0.19 mm. The most mean exact error among various postroanterior tilts was seen in 20º lower tilt in the canine region (1±0.88 mm) and for various mediolateral tilts the most exact error was seen in the canine region in 20º upper tilt (2.9±2 mm).
Conclusion: The mean exact errors in various regions and various 5º to 20º posteroanterior and mediolateral mandibular tilts were in the range of acceptable values (≤1 mm) except for the canine region. However, this effect is more considerable in mediolateral tilt compared with posteroanterior tilt, posterior region compared with anterior region, and upper tilt compared with lower tilt.

Background and Aims: Conventional radiological equipments in our country are going to be converted to digital system using computed radiology (CR) technology. If we know the accuracy of digital panoramic radiography for detection of small defects in tooth, it will be useful in cases with difficulty for taking the intraoral radiographs. The aim of this study was to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of digital panoramic radiography for detection of proximal caries compared with the bitewing radiography.
Materials and Methods: One-hundred patients who had been ordered for taking both bitewing and panoramic radiography were included in this study. Panoramic and then bitewing radiographs were observed by a maxillofacial radiologist and interproximal caries were recorded. Sensitivity and specificity of digital panoramic radiography (CI=95%) was calculated compared with the bitewing radiography as a gold standard.
Results: This study showed that the values for sensitivity and specificity were 62.7% (CI 95%=57.7%-67.5%) and 91.0% (CI 95%=89.2%-92.5%), respectively.
Conclusion: Sensitivity of digital panoramic is less than bitewing radiography even with processing before printing. Therefore, bitewing radiography is superior for detection of inter proximal caries.

Background and Aims: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare shear bond strength of metal brackets bonded to dental porcelain on the basis of presence or absence of silane, type of acid [hydrofluoric acid (HF) or phosphoric acid (H3PO4)] and roughness of porcelain surface (glazed or deglazed) within mouth-like environment.
Materials and Methods: Eighty glazed ceramic disks were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 disks: group 1 [HF+silane], group 2 [deglazed+HF+silane], group 3 [HF], group 4 [deglazed+HF], group 5 [H3PO4+silane], group 6 [deglazed+H3PO4+silane], group 7 [H3PO4], group 8 [deglazed+H3PO4]. Then the brackets were bonded and thermocycled. After that, shear bond strength test was done using the Zwick device and the type of bond failure was determined under stereomicroscope at 4X magnification. 3-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis were used for statistical analyses.
Results: The shear bond strength for the test groups were as follows: group (1):13.05±7.7 MPa , group (2):25.16±10.66 MPa, group (3):6.7±5.86 MPa, group (4):15.39±8.97 MPa, group (5):12.76±7.91 MPa, group (6):13.57±7.85 MPa, group (7):0.54±0.67 MPa, group (8): 9.34±6.52 MPa. The type of bond failure in all groups was adhesive failure except for group 2. No significant difference in the interaction between (glazed or deglazed), (presence or absence of silane), and type of acid was found (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, the best clinical method was the use of 37% phosphoric acid and silane that resulted in the optimal clinical strength and adhesive bond failure.

Background and Aims: Evaluation is a continuous process which is necessary for improvement of students learning and planning for required changes to obtain the educational objectives. The aim of the present study was to assess students' perspective on the achievement of the educational objectives of the Community Oral Health and Periodontology Departments using the CIPP model of evaluation.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey has been conducted using a questionnaire consists of four domains as introduced in the CIPP model of evaluation (Context, Input, Process and Product). Two groups of senior dental students of the dental school of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were approached. Data was collected anonymously and was analyzed with non-parametric Mann-Whitney test using the SPSS statistical package.
Results: The response rate was 67.7% for year 6 and 87.5% for the year 5 students. Respondents considered material presented in Periodontology Department more relevant and in need for their future career. However, teaching skills and motivation of the educators in Periodontology Department was considered inadequate. 67% of students reported having problem with material taught in Periodontology Department. Overall, significant difference in domains of Context and Process was observed between two departments (p<0.05). In the output domain students rated their clinical and theoretical ability "weak" in relation to splint, implant, management of acute gingivitis and electrosurgery compared with other topics which rated "good". Students considered their ability in using the principals of Evidence-Based Dentistry moderate.
Conclusion: The evaluation of the educational achievements of the two departments (COH and Periodontics) using CIPP model of evaluation showed that there is significant difference in two domains (Context and Process). In those topics which achievement was reported weak the revision of teaching methods is recommended.
Key Words: Education dental Program evaluation Self-evaluation

Background and Aims: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) produces high-quality data about diagnosis and periodontal treatment. To date, there is not enough research regarding periodontal bone measurement using CBCT. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of CBCT in measuring periodontal defects to that of intraoral radiography and probing methods.
Materials and Methods: Two-hundred and eighteen artificial osseous defects (buccal and lingual infrabony, interproximal, horizontal, crater, dehiscence and fenestration defects) were created on 13 mandibles of dry skulls. The mandibles were put into a plexiglass box full of water to simulate soft tissue. CBCT images, radiographic images taken with parallel technique and direct measurements using a WHO periodontal probe were recorded and compared to a standard reference (digital caliper). Inter and intra observe consistencies were assessed using Intra class correlation coefficient and pearson correlation.
Results: Inter and intra observer consistencies were high for CBCT and probing methods (ICC- Intra class correlation coefficient>88%), but moderate for intraoral radiography (ICC-Intra class correlation coefficient > 54%). There were not any significant differences between observers for all techniques (P>0/05). According to paired T-test analysis, mean difference for CBCT technique (0.01 mm) was lower than that for probing (0.04 mm) and radiography (0.62 mm). CBCT was able to measure all kinds of lesions, but radiography could not measure defects in the buccal and lingual sites.
Conclusion: All three modalities are useful for identifying periodontal defects. Compared to probing and radiography, the CBCT technique has the most accuracy in measuring periodontal defects.

Background and Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zirconia and base metal cores on the color of restorations. Furthermore, the effect of different backings on the color of cercon zirconia was evaluated.
Materials and Methods: The specimens were Cercon zirconia and metal ceramic discs with "high Au" and "base metal" alloys. Cercon zirconia discs were veneered with veneering shade of A2 and two thickness of porcelain (0.7 mm, 1.2 mm). There were 3 discs in each group. Metal ceramic discs were made of "nickel-chromium" alloy (Verobond) and "high Au" alloy (World 89) and two shades (A2, A3.5) and two thicknesses of veneering porcelain. 3 types of backing (high Au, nickel-chromium and A3 shade composite) were made for Cercon zirconia discs. Spectrophotometric evaluation of zirconia discs (on 3 backings) and metal ceramic discs was done. One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for data analysis.
Results: There were no significant differences between the amounts of L*, a*, b* for Cercon zirconia on different backings (P>0.05). In comparison between different core groups, a* was significantly higher in metal ceramic groups compared with that of zirconia groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Cercon zirconia can completely mask the underlying backing.

Fabrication of dental prosthesis for patients with microstomia has long been a problem for dentists. Microstomia is defined as an abnormally small oral orifice. Prosthetic rehabilitation of microstomia patients presents difficulties at all stages, from the preliminary impressions to fabrication of prosthesis. This study described a method for making impressions for patients with limited opening of the oral cavity which the use of a full-size impression tray was not possible.

Background and Aims: Occupational burnout is a psychological syndrome resulting from continuous tensions which causes absence, conflict, job changing, etc. In spite of much effort done in optimizing the work conditions and satisfying the employed persons, the dentists still suffer from this incident. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of occupational burnout in Birjand dentists and to provide an approach.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study by the census method, 38 dentists were investigated using Maslach questionnaire. Average values were compared with chi-square and comparison among the groups was performed by Tukey test using SPSS software. P≤0.05 was considered as the level of significance.
Results: In this study, there were 68.4% men and 31.6% women with average age of 37.9 ±7.6 years and average work experience of 12.5±7.3 years, 15.8% single and 84.2% married. Frequency of exhaustion, intense depersonalization, and intense feeling of being unsuccessful was 21.1%, 81.6%, and 100%, respectively. There were no significant differences between occupation burnout dimensions and the other variable, such as gender, sports, marital status, and workday hours (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Protection of this stratum, providing educational programs and creating job variations are necessary for optimizing the work environment. Future studies with more sample size are suggested to determine the effect of factors.

Background and Aims: Considering the application of recycled metallic brackets in orthodontic treatments and probably more resultant metal ion release, which can cause cytotoxic side effects, this study was set up to assess the effect of recycling process of orthodontic brackets on metal ion release.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 80 Discovery direct bond brackets (Dentarum, Germany) were divided into 2 groups, new and recycled brackets (n = 40), then each group was divided into two subgroups (one-week and 6-months subgroups) (n=20). The specimens were maintained in buffered solution of NaNHNo3 (pH=7) at 37°C in an incubator. After periods of one week and 6 months immersion, 0.5 mL of each solution was analyzed by spectrophotometry for the quantity of released Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), and Cobalt (Co) ions. The data were analyzed using two way ANOVA analysis.
Results: After one week, the quantity of Ni, Cr, and Co ions released from new brackets were 0.65, 1.4, and 0.75 (ppb), respectively. The values for recycled brackets were 142, 2.61, and, 1.43 (ppb). These findings indicated significant difference between two groups (P<0.001). After six months, the quantity of Ni, Cr, and Co ions released from new brackets were 1200, 3.4, and 2.4 (ppb) and from recycled brackets were 2330, 6.9, and 10.8 (ppb), which showed significant difference between two groups (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Application of recycled brackets in long fixed orthodontic treatments can lead to metal ion release, specifically Nickel. Thus, the use of recycled brackets in long orthodontic treatments is not recommended.

Background and Aims: Use of glass ionomer cements in pediatric dentistry is increasing and limited information exists with regard to the effect of salivary contamination on the shear bond strength of glass-ionomer to dentin in primary teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salivary contamination on the shear bond strength of two types of glass ionomer cements to dentin in primary teeth.
Materials and Methods: A total of 36 human extracted primary molars were used in this study. The specimens were divided into two groups for each material and then further subdivided into three groups: group 1: uncontaminated, group 2: contaminated with saliva, group 3: contaminated, washed and air dried. The specimens in groups I, II, III were bonded to glass-ionomer and in groups IV, V, VI to resin modified glass-ionomer. Shear bond strength was measured using an Instron machine at 1 mm/min cross head speed. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey test.
Results: There were significant differences in the mean shear bond strength among groups IV, V (P=0.05). There were no significant difference among groups I & II (P=0.16), I & III (P= 0.93) and IV & VI (P=0.98).
Conclusion: Results showed that salivary contamination can decrease the mean shear bond strength of light- cured glass-ionomer to dentin in primary teeth.

Background and Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of application of two types of primers over bracket bases on the shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of bond failure.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 75 human premolar teeth were divided into three equal groups. In group 1 (control), after surface preparation of enamel by conventional method (acid etching+primer) brackets were bonded with Transbond XT composite. In group 2 (TX), brackets were bonded to enamel same as the first group but Transbond XT primer were used on bracket bases before placement of composite. In group 3 (PL), Transbond plus primer was applied on bracket bases before placement of composite. After 24 h, the SBS test was performed by universal testing machine at crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Then, adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores and percentage of cohesive fracture were determined using stereomicroscopy. SBS data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan tests. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze ARI and cohesive fracture results.
Results: There was significant difference in SBS values among the groups (P<0.001). The highest SBS was shown in TX group and the lowest was seen in PL group. There was no significant difference between control and TX groups in ARI scores (P=0.199). No significant difference was found in cohesive fracture values between the groups (P=0.093). Both the control and TX groups showed significant difference in ARI scores and cohesive fracture compared with the PL group in all of the comparisons (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Application of Transbond XT primer over bracket base affects the bond strength and failure mode. Transbond XT primer increased the bond strength but Transbond plus primer decreased it.

Background and Aims: Cephalometric measurements cannot be performed for screening purposes, therefore orthodontists usually have to use either photographic or anthropometric measurements in such occasions. Finding a valid and reliable alternative could be of great value. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between McNamara's cephalometric unit difference and a proposed soft tissue equivalent.
Materials and Methods: An anthropometric ruler was redesigned and used in this study. Soft tissue measurements were performed on 36 randomly selected specimens by two investigators. The soft tissue measurements included external auditory meatus to subnasale (Ext-Sn), external auditory meatus to soft tissue pogonion (Ext-Pog), and the difference between them (UDMA´). These measurements were considered as equivalents to cephalometric indices in McNamara's anteroposterior measurements, including maxillary (Co-A) and mandibular (Co-Gn) unit length and their difference (UDMA), respectively.
Results: All soft tissue variables had an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) above 0.90. There was a high and significant correlation between cephalometric and anthropometric measurements (P<0.01). The ICC between (Ext-Sn) and (Co-A) was 0.890, 0.869 between (Ext-Pog) and (Co-Gn), and 0.819 between UDMA´ and UDMA.
Conclusion: The proposed anthropometric method showed a good correlation with cephalometric equivalents and the results show that this method could be used for screening purposes, especially when a low-cost, non-invasive method is required. However it cannot be considered as a substitute for cephalometry in diagnostic and treatment purposes.

Background and Aims: Considering the great incidence of implant failures due to high stresses around implant and at bone-implant interfaces, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of three different implant-macro designs on the quantity and distribution pattern of stresses around implants.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, three types of implants including Biohorizon (4×10.5 mm), Iler (4×10 mm), and Swiss Plus (4.1×10 mm) were studied by applying photo-elastic method. The implants were placed within photo-elastic models with dimensions of 50×50×10 mm. Then through open tray impressed method, crowns for each implant were constructed and cemented. Vertical and oblique loads of 100 N and 150 N were applied on the cemented crowns within polariscope machine. Then the photographs were evaluated using Isochromatic Fringe Characteristics table.
Results: Under vertical loads of 100 N and 150 N, the values for Biohorizon, Iler, Swiss Plus fixtures at the cervical region were (2.35, 3.60) N, (2.50, 3.10) N, and (1.39, 2.35) N, respectively and in apical region the values were (1.63, 2.35) N, (1.82, 2.35) N, and (2.50, 3.10) N. Under oblique loads, the measures at the cervical region were (4.00, 5.00) N, (1.82, 5.00) N, and (5.20, 6.00) N and in apical region were
(1.39, 2.00) N, (4.00, 2.35) N, and (2.35, 3.00) N, respectively for mentioned implants.
Conclusion: Under vertical loads, the lowest cervical stresses were observed in Swiss Plus fixture and the lowest apical stress values were recorded for Biohorizon fixture. Under oblique loads, the lowest cervical stresses were found in Iler implant and lowest apical stresses were recorded for Bohorizon.