Showing 145 results for Dental
H Ravanmehr , M. Rashidi Birgani ,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (6-1998)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of dentofacial anomalies in 12 to 14 years old students in Tehran.The sample consisted of 500 students. 250 of them were females and 250 were males. The evaluation of saggital skeletal relationships revealed tha 16% of samples had normal occlusion, 48% of them had CI I malocclusion, 15,6% had CI II Div I malocclusion, 12% of them had CI HI malocclnsion, 5.2% of them had CI. II Div 2 malocclusion and 3.2% of them had pseudo CI III malocclusion. The prevalence of other dentofacial anomalies obtained in this study are, crowding 40.6%, deepbite 27.2%, spacing 20.6%, mandibular deviation 19.4%, unilateral posterior crossbite 9.2%, anterior openbite 6.6%, posterior openbite 5.6%, asymmetry 1.6% and bilateral posterior crossbite 1.6%. The prevalence of dental anomalies in the sample population was as follws: rotated teeth 13.4%, malposed teeth 12.2%, teeth with large size 3.2%, malshaped teeth 2.4% and teeth with smal size 2%. A part from determining the total values mentioned, the prevalence of saggital relationships oral dentofacial anomalies was assessed separately in each of the female and the male samples.
Mh. Fathi , V. Mortazavi ,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (8-1999)
Abstract
Wear characteristics of dental amalgams were investigated by in vivo and in vitro tests. Wear of dental amalgam was studied and evaluated using a three - body abrasion test and Pin-On-Disk method. Porcelain was used for preparing disk and materials such as toothpaste, artificial saliva and naturally saliva were used as the third material that was contributed in tribologic system The results showed that effects of various toothpastes on the wear of dental amalgam are considerably different and size, shape and chemical composition of amalgam are important too.
V. Mortazavi , Mh. fathi ,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (4-2000)
Abstract
Characterization of bioceramics coating and evaluation of the influence of kind of coating on the implantation has been developed in recent years.Different bioceramics coating like calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and bioglass were coated on dental and orthopedic implants. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments were done for evolution of implant success and reliability and study of factors, which may influence the results.Researches indicate that different bioceramic coating may affect the bone bonding mechanism.Biodegredable calcium phosphate coating can be resorbed and be replaced with bone tissues.Hydroxyapatite cause earlier stabilization of dental implant in surrounding bone (biological fixation) and reduce healing time. Bioglass can protect substrate and provide interfacial attachment to bone.
Y. Refoua , O. Mahdavi ,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (4-2000)
Abstract
: 32 patients were entered in randomized double blind clinical research. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A(18 patients) were given a single dose of 20 mg Piroxicam one hour pre-surgery. Group B(14 patients) were received 325 mg Acetaminophen every six hours immediately after surgery. The mouth opening was measured pre-surgical treatment. Pain relief was evaluated in both groups lsl and 8th hour after surgery. The mouth opening was measured lsl and 7,b day after surgery. The results showed that the analgesic effects of Piroxicam were higher than acetaminophen, however, the comparison of trismus means revealed no significant difference.
F. Baghaei-Naeini , R. Hajloo ,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (4-2000)
Abstract
Up to now, no complete study was carried out about the prevalence and location of periapical granuloma and radicular cysts from the point of view of clinical symptoms (e.g. pain and swelling fistula) in Iran. The data was collected from the files available in the Department of Pathology, faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. With a consideration on different therapeutic methods. a proper method was selected. Radicular cyst occurred in 59.3 percent of 324 cases while 45.7 percent were granuloma. The most common incidence of these lesions was in the range of 24-25 years old. The most common location of lesions was the maxillary anterior. Sinus tracts occurred in 74 of all cases. 47.3 percent of these patients have been previously received root canal therapy. It is noticeable that 24 percent of all patients were treated endodontically before surgery. Higher incidence of granuloma occurred in small lesions while cysts were more common in large lesions. 232 of all cases showed one of the clinical symptoms, 16% pain, 35.8% swelling and 22.8% fistula. No symptoms were found in 92 cases.
Sb. Moosavi , Mh. fathi , Gh. Feizi , V. Mortazavi ,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (7-2001)
Abstract
Bone osseointegration around dental implant can cause earlier stabilization and fixation of implant and reduce healing time. Hydroxyapatite coating can affect bone osseointegration and enhance its rates. The aim of this study was comparison of osseointegration between plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coated and uncoated dental implants in cats. Four endodontic implants including, vitallium and two stainless steel with and without hydroxyapatite coating were prepared and placed in mandibular canines of 20 cats after completion of root canal treatment and osseous preparation. After a healing period of 4 months, investigation by scanning electron microscopy showed significant difference in ossointegration between coated and uncoated dental implants and average bone osseointegration of coated implants was more than uncoated implants.
M. Ghavam ,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (8-2001)
Abstract
Oral cancers account for a relatively high percent of neoplasms in the elderly population. Treatment protocols often include anti-neoplastic pharmaco-therapeutics, irradiation of the head and neck region, and surgery. These treatments, specially radiation, have detrimental effects on oral hard and soft tissues. Salivary glands undergo a distinct and longterm dysfunction, which leads to decrease in salivary How. Xerostomia is a common clinical problem in these patients which contributes to dry mouth, mucosites, change in oral ecosystem and dental caries, followed by difficulties in speech, swallowing and use of dentures which cause malnutrition. This phenomenon has an irreversible weakening effect on the patient's health. To prevent this negative impact on oral health in this group of patients, definitive dental treatments prior to the initiation of medical therapies is imperative, and will decrease the morbidity rates. Today's dentistry benefits from improved methods and materials, which enable us to give these patients a better preventive dental treatment. Consultation between dentist and medical team would be the best way to help our sufferer patients.
Sh. Jafari , N. ebrahimi-E- Daryani , S. Zeinali, M. motalleb Nejad ,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (8-2001)
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection causes gastric and duodenal ulcer. However recurrence of infection after eradication would suggest the existence of other reinfecting sources in the gastrointestinal tract (Gl). The aim of this study was to assess the existence ofhelicobacter pylori in dental plaques of patients harboring Helicobacter pylori in their GI tract. Antral biopsies were taken from 40 patients with Gl problems and cultured. Samples were also taken from dental plaques of patients with positive Helicobacter pylori culture under microaerophilic conditions and evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reamplification. The mean age of patients was 40 years 24 (60%) male and 16 (40%) female. The results obtained from dental plaque cultures, which analysed by PCR were all negative, however 7 (17.5%) cases were found positive by PCR reamplification. The results showed that Helicobacter pylori could exist in dental plaque and PCR reamplification could be used for its detection as a more sensitive technique. More research should be conducted to examine any relation between the existence of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaques and recurrent GI disorders.
A. Monzavi , S. Mir Mohammad Rezaei , H. Bajelan ,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (5-2002)
Abstract
Waxes have a lot of applications in dentistry. Such materials are of thermoplastic type that undergoes deformation in different temperatures. Two important properties of base plate waxes are flow and their coefficient of linear thermal expansion. Recently, different institutions, inside the country, produce dentistry waxes, while they have not been standardized. Consequently, consumers' dissatisfaction are observed. In this research, the two above- mentioned factors were compared between three kinds of Iranian waxes with Cavex that is foreign production, based on test number 24 of ADA. To measure the flow rate in the temperatures of 23, 37 and 45°c, Wilcoxon statistical analysis was used. The results showed that in 23°c, the flow rate of Cavex and Azardent waxes met ADA standards however, it was not true for two others types. In 37°c, the flow of none of the waxes was standardized and in 45°c their flow was acceptable, moreover, thermal expansion coefficient, for Cavex and Azardent types, was based on ADA standard.
M. Ghandehary- Motlagh , P. Farajy ,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (4-2003)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Central crown fractures of deciduous and permanent teeth lead to unfavorable psychological effects on both children and their parents. Moreover, it can cause malocclusion. So,recognizing tooth fracture reasons plays an important role to prevent its side effects.
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the reasons' of permanent central crown fractures in (7-12)years old children.
Materials and Methods: Records of 218 children, with at least one central tooth fracture, referred to pediatric department of faculty of dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, from 1999 to 2000, were studied. All the related information about fracture such as: reason, location, time, type of occlusion, and type of fracture were recorded.
Results: It was found that falling down (45.4%) and having contact with external objects (21.6%) were the main reasons for permanent centrals fractures. The mean age of these children was 9.78±1.24 and 63.3% of them were boys. It should be noted that 41.3% of them had unsupported lip. The highest rate of fractures belonged to upper centrals. Based on Ellis classification, most fractures were of degree 3 (52.7%). There was no significant relationship between overbite and overjet with the degree of fracture (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Dental skeletal malocclusions such as CI II, Div I, central incisors protrusion and developmental defects of tooth structure should be considered as determinant factors in tooth crown fractures.
M. Paknegad , A. Miremadi , M. Tabatabaei-E-Yazdi , M. Khodadad-E- Motarjemi ,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (5-2003)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: The correlation between the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes in gingival sulcular fluid (GCF) with inflammation and periodontal attachment loss has been proved, however there are not adequate studies about dental implants.
Purpose: The aim of present study was to investigate the presence and activity level of AST & ALP and their correlation with pocket depth (PD) and bleeding of peri-implant slcular fluid (PISF), and to evaluate the possibility of using these assessments as a diagnostic index in oral implantology.
Material and Methods: In this study, 41 implants as test group and 41 contralateral teeth as control group, in 21 patients were evaluated. At first visit, the general information about implants and the values of pocket probing depth (PPD), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBl) and modified plaque index (mPI) were recorded. At the second visit, samples of GCF/PISF were collected. AST & ALP activity was determined spectrophotometrically and data were analyzed by "t", "Mann-Whitney" tests and Pearson Spearman correlation coefficient.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the activity of AST between two study groups (P<0.0001). The average activity of ALP in test group was more than control group but the difference was not significant. After elimination of the confounding variables, the average AST in test group was 54.6 (S£=2.3) and in control groups was 44.8 (SE=2.3) (P=0.004). The average ALP in test group (SE=2.2) and in control (SE=2.2) were 36.6 and 35.4, respectively. Values of AST and ALP were positively correlated with other clinical parameters such as PD and mSBI which was significant in test group.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that PISF analysis could be considered as a proper diagnostic strategy in the evaluation of dental implant success.
P. ghalyani Isfahani , Sa. Keyhan , A. Shirani ,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (5-2003)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Ultrasonic Scaling is one of the main sources of producing infected aerosols in dentistry. These aerosols are able to spread pathogens such as microorganisms associated with tuberculosis, conjunctivitis, influenza and other respiratory diseases, herpetic and other skin diseases, ADIS and hepatitis B.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effectiveness of an aerosol- reduction device attaching to ultrasonic scaler handpiece.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 18 patients participated. Randomly, mandibular and maxillary quadrants of one side, in each subject, were scaled using an ultrasonic scaler with aerosol-reduction device for 5 minutes. After 30 minutes, another quadrant was scaled by ultrasonic scaler without aerosol- reduction device. In order to determine the effectiveness of aerosol- reduction device, blood agar plates attached to the surgical mask of the operator, 30 cm far from the patient's mouth, were incubated in 37°c for three days and the colonies were counted. Median, Interquartile eange and Wilcoxon test, at the 0.05 level of significance, were used to analyze the data.
Results: The median and interquartile range for the number of colony forming units (CFUS) without aerosol- reduction device was 17.5 (8, 24), while the median for the number of CFUS when using aerosol-reduction device was 0 (0, 1), indicating significant statistical difference (PO.001)
Conclusion: The aerosol- reduction device significantly reduces the amount of aerosols produced during ultrasonic scaling.
M. Pangnoosh , H . Bashizadeh Fakhar ,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (5-2003)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Computer Sciences, in radiology, like other fields, is of high importance. It should also be noted that the accuracy of the technique and work conditions affects the radiographs information considerably. There for, in order to get more accurate diagnostic information, it seems necessary to investigate different digitized radiographic techniques and to compare them with the conventional technique.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of conventional and digitized radiographic images by three digitization techniques in proximal caries detection.
Material and Methods: In this research study, sixty extracted human canines, premolars and molars were mounted in blocks and imaged on E-Kodak film, similar to bitewing radiographs. Ten bitewing radiographs were then scanned at 600 d.p.i with flat bed scanner and a digital camera, then digitized at 300 d.p.i with another digital camera. The digitized images were displayed randomly on a high-resolution monitor. Six
observers assessed the caries status of 120 proximal surfaces by conventional and digitized images. The observer's scores were compared with the results of the macroscopic examination. Reliability of each technique was calculated. Data were analyzed using chi-square and ANOVA tests.
Results: No significant differences were detected between different techniques in intact proximal surfaces and enamel caries diagnosis. However, digital techniques were more sensitive in dentin caries detection (P<0.05).
Conclusions: When conventional film images are digitized, medium resolution (300 d.p.i) seems to be sufficient. At this resolution the file size is decreased and there is no significant loss of the information necessary for caries diagnosis.
R. Mosharraf , D. Abtahi , M. Porrabani ,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (1-2004)
Abstract
Statement of Problem:The determination of the dental midline is necessary in most dental procedures.One of the methods to fulfill this goal is to determine the facial midline based on the midpoints of the forehead, nose, upper lip and chin. However, for various reasons, this method has not always been proved successful. In such cases, different techniques, based on the investigations in the edentulous
patients, have been suggested.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the conformity of some landmarks such as labial frenum, incisive papilla and mid palatal suture with dental and facial midlines among people with natural dentition in order to obtain accurate anatomic landmarks for denture replacement.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 96 dental students, having all their permanent teeth and without any orthognathic problem, were chosen. For each subject, Alginate impressions and dental casts were prepared. Then, centric occlusion was recorded with a biting wax and the facial mid line was determined on the anterior part of it. The distances from the facial midline to the upper teeth midline,
incisive papilla, labial frenum and mid palatal suture were determined with a special tool and were measured by a VERNIEH two times. In order to analyze the results, Chi- Square and t-student tests were used.
Results: The average of facial midline distance to the upper teeth midline, the labial frenum, the incisive papilla and the mid palatal suture were 0.83±0.60, 0.67±G.54, 0.83±00.63 and 0.81±0.62 mm,respectively. There was no significant difference between males and females. Labial frenum showed the minimum distance to the facial midline, while the incisive papilla had the maximum. There was no significant difference between these anatomic landmarks, in conformity or unconformity with the facial midline
Conclusion: Considering the low percentage of the subjects with complete conformity and the lack of significant differences between these three landmarks, it is suggested that there is no superiority among these landmarks for the determination of facial midline. The similar distances from the facial midline to the incisive papilla and upper teeth midline indicate that using incisive papilla to determine the upper
teeth midline in edentulous patients lead to normal face.
A. Ghahramanloo , A. Yossefl ,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (4-2004)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Dental porcelain is one of the best materials ever used in dentistry. Excellent tissue compatibility, esthetics, very low solubility in oral fluids, high compressive strength, and the lowest bacterial plaque accumulation on the glazed porcelain are some of its advantages. Porcelain brittleness due to its low tensile strength, impact strength and the occlusal attrition of opposing teeth enamel are some of its disadvantages. The most important mechanical properties of dental porcelains are their flexural strength that is the ability of a porcelain to resist fracture when loaded from above. Different ways have been proposed to eliminate porcelain brittleness and develop its flexural strength, among which baking porcelain on a metal framework is more commonly used.
Purpose: Considering that restoration and replacement of teeth by porcelain fused to metal restorations is still the most commonly used technique, the aim of the present study was to measure the flexural strength of a porcelain bonded to metal powder, D4 Dentin, and to compare it with Vita Dentin powder.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a stainless steel box, 25x5x2mm was made according to ISO 6872: 1995 (E) Standard and filled with D4 Dentin powder and Vita Dentin (VMK 68N) and baked in Vita furnace. Then 10 blocks of D^ Dentin and 10 of Vita Dentin were made. Samples were placed on the three point bending test machine and force was applied the middle of each block. To analyze the data, t- student test and co-variance analysis were used.
Results: Mean flexural strength of D4 Dentin was 53.40±1.35 MPa and that of Vita Dentin was 53.86+7.38 MPa. The difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: According to ISO 6872: 1995 (E) standard, the flexural strength of all D4 Dentin samples were greater than 50 Mpa.
Ar. Talaeipour , M. Panjnoush , N. Anbiaei ,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (4-2004)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Subtraction is a newly presented radiography technique to detect minor density changes that are not visible by conventional radiography.
Purpose: The aim of this In-vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of photoshop subtraction software for detecting minor density changes between two dental images.
Materials and Methods: In this research, five dried human mandibles were held in fixed position while thin aluminium sheets were superimposed on each mandible on the 1th and 2nd molar teeth regions.A reference image, without aluminium sheet placement, was obtained from each mandible subsequently series consist of 20 images with aluminium sheets, ranging from 50p. to "5Q0"x were recorded by radiovisiography (RVG) system. Initial images were subtracted from subsequent ones by Photoshop subtraction software. The difference in density between the two images at the 1st and 2nd molar sites was related to the aluminium sheets. The optical density of aluminium sheets was determined by densitometer.
Results: In the present study, 6.6% of the optical density changes of the minimum aluminium thickness as 300u. could be detected by photoshop software software.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the accuracy of photoshop subtraction software was equal to that of the conventional subtraction softwares. Additionally, the accuracy of this software was proved to be suitable for clinical investigations of small localized changes in alveolar bone.
T. Hooshmand , A. Keshvad , K. Moharamzadeh ,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (6-2004)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: In a previous study it was reported that a durable resin-ceramic tensile bond could be obtained by an appropriate silane application without the need for HF acid etching the ceramic surface. Evaluation of the appropriate application of silane by other test methods seems to be necessary.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the interfacial fracture toughness of smooth and roughened ceramic surfaces bonded with a luting resin.
Materials and Methods: Ceramic discs of 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were prepared. Four different surface preparations (n=10) were carried out consisting of (1) ceramic surface polished to a 1µm finish, (2) gritblasted with 50µm alumina, (3) etched with 10% HF for 2 min, and (4) gritblasted and etched. The ceramic discs were then embedded in PMMA resin. For the adhesive area, the discs were masked with Teflon tapes. A circular hole with diameter of 3 mm and chevron-shaped with a 90° angle was punched into a piece of Teflon tape. The exposed ceramic surfaces were treated by an optimised silane treatment followed by an unfilled resin and then a luting resin cylinder of 4mm in diameter and 11 mm in length was built. Specimens were stored in two different storage
conditions: (A): Distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and (B): Distilled water at 37°C for 30 days. The interfacial fracture toughness (GIC) was measured at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. The mode of failure was examined under a stereo-zoom microscope and fracture surfaces were examined under Scanning Electron Microscope.
Results: The mean interfacial fracture toughness values were Group A: 1) 317.1±114.8, 2) 304.5±109.2, 3) 364.5±169.8, and 4) 379.4±127.8 J/m2±SD. Group B: 1) 255.6±134.4, 2) 648.0±185.1, 3) 629.3±182.6 and 4) 639.9 ±489.0 J/m2±SD. One way Analysis of Variance showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the mean interfacial fracture toughness for groups A1-A4 (P>0.05). However, the mean interfacial fracture toughness for group B1 was significantly different from that for groups B2, B3 and B4 (P<0.05). Independent-ٍٍٍSamples T-Test results showed that there was a significant increase in the GIC mean value for groups B2 and B3 after 30 days water storage (P<0.05). The modes of failure were predominantly interfacial or cohesive within the resin. Conclusions: The fracture toughness test method used in this study would be appropriate for analysis of the adhesive zone of resin-ceramic systems. From the results, it can be concluded that micro-mechanical retention by gritblasting the ceramic surfaces could be sufficient with no need for HF acid etching the ceramic surfaces when an appropriate silane application procedure is used.
S.j Poorhashemi ,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (8-2004)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: The accomplishment of oral and dental health is one of the most important goals in preventive dentistry influenced by the people’s knowledge and attitudes. Health system personel are the group able to play the most important role in this field affecting the society under their control directly.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of health system personel, working in Ghom province, about oral and dental health.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, knowledge and attitudes of all 187 personel working in the health system center of Ghom province were investigated through a questionnaire including 10 questions on knowledge and 10 other ones on the attitudes of subjects studied. Data were subjected to ANOVA, Tukey and correlation tests.
Results: The knowledge of females was higher, compared to males showing a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between subjects’ knowledge and their level of education, age and work duration (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Generally, the level of knowledge and attitude of the personel working in health centers in Ghom province was acceptable but not an ideal one and the continuity of training and re-education courses seemed necessary.
M. Zarringhalam ,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (8-2004)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: In some cases, a difference in size between the right and left teeth, during band selection for first molars, is observed.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to measure the mesiodistal width and to compare the teeth on left and right sides of jaws in individuals with normal occlusion, according to the sex.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, sixty students (30 males and 30 females), age ranging from 16-18 with the mean age of 17.3, were selected through cluster random sampling from Mashhad high schools. The mesiodistal width of 1440 teeth, from the distal of first molar on right side to the distal of first molar on the left, were measured on study casts. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and Independent sample t-test.
Results: In upper jaw, mean of the mesiodistal width of each tooth on the right side was less than its counterpart on the left side except for the right second premolar which its width was more than that of the left one although the differences were not statistically significant. In lower jaw, mean of the mesiodistal width of each tooth on right side was more than the same tooth on the left except for the canines and second premolars. The differences were not significant. Generally the mesiodistal width of each tooth in males was more than its counterpart in females with a specially significant difference for canines and first molars.
Conclusion: According to this study, there was a little difference in me siodistal width of teeth between the left and right sides. In upper jaw, the majority of teeth on the right side were smaller than the left ones whereas in lower jaw the right side ones were larger than the left ones. Therefore, dental asymmetry in both jaws, on the left and right sides, were opposite. Comparing males and females, each tooth in males was larger than the same one in females and especially for canines and first molars the difference was significant. As a result dental asymmetry should be considered in orthodontic treatments.
S. Khedmat ,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2005)
Abstract
The purpose of this article was reviewing the literature related to the mutual effects of endodontics and orthodontics on each other providing documented information that can be used by dentists in clinical practice. The effect of orthodontic treatment on the dental pulp and its role in root resorption, the influence of previous trauma to the tooth and endodontic treatment in orthodontic tooth movements and root resorption, recommendations regarding endodontic treatment during orthodontic tooth movement and the role of the orthodontic forces in provision and outcome of endodontic treatment are being discussed. The effect of the orthodontic tooth movement on the pulp is focused primarily on the neurovascular system which can cause degenerative and/or inflammatory responses in the dental pulp. Although, most of these changes are considered reversible, it seems that teeth with complete apical foramen and teeth subjected to previous insults, such as trauma, caries, restorations and periodontal diseases are more susceptible to pulpal irreversible changes. Teeth with root canal treatment that are well cleaned shaped, and three- dimensionally obturated, exhibit less propensity to apical root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. This outcome depends on the absence of microleakage for bacterial ingress. A traumatized tooth can be moved orthodontically with minimal risk of resorption, provided that the pulp has not been severely injured (infection or necrosis). If there is evidence of pulpal demise, appropriate endodontic treatment is necessary prior to orthodontic treatment .If a previously traumatized tooth exhibits resorption, there is a greater chance that orthodontic tooth movement will enhance the resorptive process. If a tooth has been severely traumatized (intrusion, avulsion) there would be a greater incidence of resorption with tooth movement. It is recommended that teeth requiring root canal treatment during orthodontic movement be initially cleaned and shaped followed by the interim placement of calcium hydroxide. Final canal obturation with gutta-percha should be accomplished upon the completion of orthodontic treatment. Endodontically treated teeth can be moved orthodontically similar to teeth with vital pulps. In case of endodontic procedures like apexification, there may be no need to delay the orthodontic treatment.
