Showing 18 results for Gingiva
N. Takzaree , K. yarmohammadi , Ar. Takzaree , H. semiyari. , M. Akbari ,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (1-2002)
Abstract
Pain reduction and surgical wound healing enhancement have several advantages. Wound healing is a complex and organized phenomenon. During this phenomenon, definite and harmonized processes such as: reconstruction, immigration parenchyma and connective tissue cells proliferation and re-construction of gingival connective tissue take place. Studies show that lower power laser (He-Ne) can induce different biological changes in ceils through biochemical mechanisms. Considering the therapeutic effects of (He-Ne) low power laser radiation on healing processes, cell proliferation, connective tissue fibers and finally the acceleration of gingival wound healing were studied. This study was done on 50 mature and healthy rats with the average weight of 250 to 300 grams, and 3 to 4 months old. After anesthesia, maxillary wounds, with the same size, were made in all samples and they were randomly divided into control and test groups. After surgery, rats of test group received laser radiation with the value of 5 mJ/cm3 every day for a period of 5 days. And on the 5lh day, they were killed. Gingival biopsy was performed and histological study was done. The number of fibroblasts, collagens, endothelial ceils and blood vessels were counted. In test group, the granulation tissue was more active and the edema and inflammation were lesser than those of the control group. Data were analyzed by t-test method and PO.05 was significant. So, it is concluded that periodical radiation of (He-Ne) low power laser has an important role on surgical gingival wounds.
M. lotfazar , Sh. Faghihi ,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (6-2002)
Abstract
There are many researches evaluation different methods for covering the root surface. In the most of these studies, type I and II of Miller treatment had been searched. The purpose of this study was a comparison between connective tissue graft (CTG) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with a collagen membrane in the treatment of gingival recession defects (Miller class III). Six patients, each contributing a pair of Miller class III buccal gingival recessions, were treated. The clinical measurements were obtained at baseline and 1,2,4,6,12,18 months after surgery. Statistical analysis were performed using paired t-test between periods (baseline versus 6 months and baseline versus 18 months) within each treatment group and also between treatment groups before treatment and 6, 12 and 18 months after the treatment. The treatments were compared by a triple analysis of variance along the time (treatment, patient, time). Both CTG and GTR with a bioabsorbable membrane demonstrated significant clinical and esthetic improvement for gingival recession coverage. The CTG and GTR procedures had mean root coverage of 55% and 47.5% respectively, in the end of study. The CTG group was statistically better than GTR for recession depth, recession width and keratinized tissue width. Also, passing the time (18 months) as a distinct factor of treatment procedures was effective in increasing of clinical attachment level and keratinized tissue width.
M. Paknegad , A. Miremadi , M. Tabatabaei-E-Yazdi , M. Khodadad-E- Motarjemi ,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (5-2003)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: The correlation between the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes in gingival sulcular fluid (GCF) with inflammation and periodontal attachment loss has been proved, however there are not adequate studies about dental implants.
Purpose: The aim of present study was to investigate the presence and activity level of AST & ALP and their correlation with pocket depth (PD) and bleeding of peri-implant slcular fluid (PISF), and to evaluate the possibility of using these assessments as a diagnostic index in oral implantology.
Material and Methods: In this study, 41 implants as test group and 41 contralateral teeth as control group, in 21 patients were evaluated. At first visit, the general information about implants and the values of pocket probing depth (PPD), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBl) and modified plaque index (mPI) were recorded. At the second visit, samples of GCF/PISF were collected. AST & ALP activity was determined spectrophotometrically and data were analyzed by "t", "Mann-Whitney" tests and Pearson Spearman correlation coefficient.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the activity of AST between two study groups (P<0.0001). The average activity of ALP in test group was more than control group but the difference was not significant. After elimination of the confounding variables, the average AST in test group was 54.6 (S£=2.3) and in control groups was 44.8 (SE=2.3) (P=0.004). The average ALP in test group (SE=2.2) and in control (SE=2.2) were 36.6 and 35.4, respectively. Values of AST and ALP were positively correlated with other clinical parameters such as PD and mSBI which was significant in test group.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that PISF analysis could be considered as a proper diagnostic strategy in the evaluation of dental implant success.
D. Qujeq , B . Amoeian , P . Zabihi ,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (5-2003)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Changes in protein levels, host calls enzymes and inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular Fluid (GCF) are considered as diagnostic indicators of Periodontitis.
Purpose: he aim of the present study was to measure the elastase enzyme activity in gingival crevicular Fluid among patients with periodontitis.
Material and Methods: In this study, 52 periodontitis patients (experimental group) and 51 healthy subjects without any gingival inflammatio (control group) were participated. Subjects of the periodontitis group showed pockets of 4-5 mm depth without gingival enlargement and recession or pockets of 1-2 mm depth with gingival recession. For enzyme activity measurement, lOOu,! of gingival fluid of each sample was mixed with lOOu! of enzyme substrate on the tube. The mixture was incubated at 34°c for lh with a buffer solution
of 1ml volume and absorbance was read at 410nm with spectrophotometer. The enzyme activity differences between two groups were analyzed by student t test.
Results: The elastase enzyme activity in gingival crevicular fluid in subjects with periodontium destruction and control subjects was 153±11.3 and 52.7±10.4 enzyme unit in ml per minute, respectively. The difference between groups was statistically significant (PO.05).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the measurement of elastae enzyme activity could be a useful indication of tissue changes that may ultimately manifest clinically as periodontitis.
Sh. Shahrabi , Mr. Talebi-E-Ardakani ,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (6-2004)
Abstract
Benign mesenchymoma is a soft tissue neoplasm that contains 2 or more mature mesenchymal tissues in addition to fibrous tissue. A rare case of gingival benign mesenchymoma in a 53- year- old man is presented and the clinicopathologic characteristics of this uncommon tumor in the head and neck region is reviewed and discussed.
Z. Kadkhoda , R. Ataei ,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (6-2004)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Gingival overgrowth is a side effect commonly induced by Cyclosporin treatment. The effects of Azithromycin, a macrolidic antibiotic, has been focused on gingival enlargement treatment induced by cyclosporine in numerous articles.
Purpose: The goal of the present study was to survey the effects of systemic Azithromycin in the treatment of gingival overgrowth induced by cyclosporine among renal transplant patients.
Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 18 renal transplant patients (6 females and 12 males) with gingival overgrowth were studied. Samples were randomly divided into two groups: case group were treated by systemic Azithromycin and controls were treated by systemic placebo. Periodontal parameters including bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical crown length (CL), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), gingival overgrowth (GOI) and stent-IDP (vertical distant between a stent or plate with teeth occlusal planes at least from three of the most anterior contact points to mesial papillae) before treatment, two and six weeks after treatment were measured. To analyze the data, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used.
Results: Most of the measured indices, among case and control groups, were significantly improved, after two weeks (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between two groups except for BOP index (P<0.05). In other words, more BOP improvement was observed in the case group after six weeks comparing to the control group.
Conclusion: Considering the findings of this study, one can assume that the reported effects of Azithromycine on gingival overgrowth, induced by cyclosporine is somehow exaggerated and the effects attributed this medicine is probably inflammation reduction.
Z. Kadkhoda , S. Sanjabi ,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (8-2004)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: Elimination of porphyromonas gingivalis (p.g) from subgingival area in order to successfully treatment out comes in patients with Aggressive periodntitis AP is necessary.
Purpose: The aim of this study was the evaluation of non-surgical treatment efficacy in reduction of bacterial population in deep pockets.
Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study we evaluated the result of non- surgical therapy on reduction of p.g count from deep pockets of patients with aggressive periodontitis that had at least one (p.g plus) deep pocket (>5mm) in each quadrant. At first stage of non-surgical treatment intra pocket irrigation with chlorhexidin was done after scaling and root planning for all patients. In second stage (one week later) antibiotics including amoxicillin- metronidazol prescribed for ten days. At base line, one, six and twelve weeks after beginning of therapy, microbial samples, plaque index, bleeding on probing index and probing pocket index were recorded.
Result: There was statistically important difference between one and six weeks after treatment with base line in colony count of p.g and all of clinical indices. But in 12 weeks after therapy just, PI and PPD had statistical difference with base line. In this stage, colony count and BOP was reduced but this reduction had not statistically important difference with base line.
Conclusion: Thus in present study our non- surgical strategy in elimination of p.g and clinical improvement was successful in short time but three month after therapy recurrence of disease happened in some patients.
M. Paknejad , S. Eshraghi , M. Jafari-E- Ghajar ,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2005)
Abstract
Statement of Problem: One of the best ways for treatment of Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) is identification and elimination of etiologic factors specially two microorganisms Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) in patients harboring them.
Purpose: This study determines the prevalence of Aa and Pg and its correlation with age, sex and the number of family members as well as probing pocket depth (PPD) in active sites of AP patients, referred to department of periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional, descriptive study, 54 sites (PPD> 5mm) in 15 patients were considered for culture. Marginal gingiva was dried and sampling performed by paperpoint (#30). The selective medium for Aa, was Trypticase Soy Agar-Bacitracin- Vancomycin (TSBV) and for Pg was Brucella agar.Results were analyzed using Fisher and Chi-Square statistical tests.
Results: Thirteen patients or 38 sites (70.4%) were identified as Aa positive and 3 patients or 10 sites (18.4%) were Pg positive. There was no significant relation between the presence of Aa and sex or age (P=0.086). Pg was more prevalent in men compared with women (P<0.0001) but with regard to age there was no statistical difference between men and women. Aa had a significant positive correlation with PPD (P=0.002), which was not true for Pg. In addition, the number of positive sites showed a significant negative correlation with the number of family members.
Conclusion: Based on the present study, the prevalence of Aa in deep pockets in patients with AP is higher than Pg.
N. Abolfazli , F. Saleh Saber , A. Lafzi ,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (5-2005)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Although the need for "adequate" amount of keratinized tissue (KT) for periodontal health is questionable, the mucogingival junction (MGJ) often serves as a measurement landmark in periodontal evaluations. Limited information is available on the reproducibility of KT width (KTW) assessment. The purpose of this study was to assess reproducibility of 3 different methods to identify MGJ location.
Materials and Methods: In this test evaluation study, fourteen patients contributed with 40 teeth. At the midbuccal aspect of each tooth, KTW was assessed by 2 independent examiners after MGJ identification by the visual (VM), functional (FM), and visual with histochemical staining (HM) method. Data analysis was based on intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and paired t test.
Results: The results of this study exhibits no significant differences in keratinized tissue width assessment in visual and histochemical methods , but a significant difference in functional method is found. Intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility has been shown to be substantially consistent when different methods of mucogingival junction determination are used to measure in order to determining corono apical dimension of the gingival.
Conclusion: Finally the results of this study indicate that all three methods for detecting MGJ location are accurate and reproducible, but if we need more accuracy and reproducibility, the histochemical method is recommended.
S. Banava , K. Najibfard , Mh. Ghahremani , Sn. Ostad ,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (5-2007)
Abstract
Background and Aim: An important requirement for a dentin bonding agent is biological compatibility. Since dentin bonding agents are placed in cavity preparations with subgingival extensions, with direct contact to gingival and mucosal tissues, tissue response to these materials must be investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity of AdheSE, a self etching adhesive, on human gingival fibroblasts.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, primary human gingival fibroblasts were exposed to different dilutions of primer & bond of AdheSE (Vivadent, Liechtenstein). The toxicity of the primer was tested in 30 seconds, 300 seconds and 24 hours. The cytotoxicity of the bond was analyzed in uncured mode after 20 seconds, 5 minutes and 24 hours. In cured mode, tested materials were analyzed after 24 and 48 hours. Cytotoxic effects were evaluated using MTT, cell counting and DNA condensation assays. Data were analyzed by two way repeated measure ANOVA with p<0.05 as the level of significance.
Results: MTT Assay revealed that uncured AdheSE Bond was toxic only in 10-1 dilution and the difference with control group was significant (P<0.05). By increasing the time to 300sec. and 24h, dilutions of 10-2 and 10-4 were the most cytotoxic respectively. Cytotoxicity of uncured primer after 30 sec. and 300 sec. began from 10-2 and after 24h began from 10-2 and reached to 10-1. AdheSE in cured mode showed significant difference with control group in 1:2 (P<0.001),1:4 & 1:6 (P<0.01) dilutions. In cell counting assay only the 1:2 dilution was significantly more toxic than control group. Apoptosis (a morphological and biochemical distinct form of cell death that regulates cell turnover) comprised in less than 5% of total death in both cured and uncured adhesives.
Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, by increasing the exposure time, smaller amounts of bonding could be cytotoxic. Cytotoxicity was related to material, dilution, time of exposure and curing. It would be necessary to identify the toxic ingredients of this adhesive and replace them by more biocompatible components.
Sh. Zadeh Modarres , B. Amooian , S. Bayat Movahed , M. Mohammadi , L. Sheikholeslam , F. Sheikholeslam ,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (5-2007)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Low birth weight is a significant public health issue. Recent studies have suggested periodontal diseases as risk factor for preterm labor. The aim of this study was to assess the relation between gingival health and preterm labor in a sample of Iranian female population.
Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 201 pregnant women without any systemic diseases or other risk factors like psychotic conditions were selected. Ninety-nine of them had term labor (infant≥37 weeks) and 102 had preterm labor (infant<37 weeks). Bleeding index, pocket depth and debris index were measured. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests with p<0.05 as the level of significance.
Results: Bleeding index, probing depth and debris index showed statistically significant differences between preterm and term labor mothers (P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, there is a significant relationship between gingival health and duration of pregnancy. Consequently, periodontal diseases could be risk factor for preterm labor. Oral hygiene is strongly recommended to be included in pregnancy health programs.
Smr. Safavi , M. Farahani , S. Khoramian Tusi , So. Dianat , Ar. Akbarzade ,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (5-2007)
Abstract
Background and Aim: In recent years, different substances have been considered in gingival cervical fluid (GCF) as diagnostic markers due to the evaluation of biologic events and biochemical process related to bone turnover during orthodontic movements. IL-6 concentration increases in GCF during the first week after force loading. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of IL-6 in GCF during orthodontic movements.
Materials and Methods: Fourteen orthodontic patients (9 females and 5 males, mean age 15.1±2.5 years) with Cl I malocclusion needing first bicuspid extraction participated in this clinical trial. In each patient one maxillary canine was distalized (DC) with a NiTi push coil spring. The contra-lateral canine (CC) was included in the orthodontic appliance but was not subjected to the orthodontic force and one of the mandibular canines was used as control with no orthodontic appliance (Antagonist canine: AC). The concentration of IL-6 was evaluated at the baseline and 14th and 28th days after intervention. GCF was taken with periopapers from both mesial and distal sides of tooth before appliance activation, on the 14th and 28th days. Concentration of IL-6 in DC, CC, and AC detected by ELISA reader was compared by repeated measure ANOVA and LSD multiple comparison, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Although the inflammatory gingival indices increased in both DC and CC teeth but it was not significant. The amount of IL-6 in GCF increased on day 14th in DC teeth in comparison with AC and CC teeth. In addition, the concentration of IL-6 in DC teeth was significantly greater than the 1st and 28th days. The maximum concentration of IL-6 was detected in both pressure and tension sides of DCs at T14. At T28, although the IL-6 levels were significantly higher than baseline levels but, it was significantly less than T14.
Conclusion: The results of this study support the hypothesis that mechanical stimuli cause an inflammatory reaction within the periodontal tissues.
H. Nowzari, Sandra. K Rich, N. Moslemi,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (1-2009)
Abstract
Gingival overgrowth is a drug-associated side effect occurs in pediatric patients. Phenytoin, cyclosporine, calcium channel blockers, and amphetamine are primary drugs that can cause gingival enlargement in children. Pediatric patients are more prone to drug-associated gingival overgrowth rather than adults. Gingival overgrowth may cause functional, phonetic, and nutritional difficulties, and more importantly, may affect the psycho-social development, self-esteem, and quality of life in children. However, the researches about this issue are rare. This Part I paper provides an analysis of pediatric systemic disease and corresponding prescribed medications for selected physical and mental health conditions. This paper describes the morbidity and risk for children related to gingival overgrowth and proposes a framework for action that will be more completely described in a part II paper on this topic.
M. Mosavi Jazi, F. Haghighati, G. Saave,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (11-2009)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Several surgical approaches have been used to achieve root coverage. The Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft (SCTG) procedure has been shown to be a predictable means to treat gingival recession. Semilunar Coronally Positioned Flap (SCPF) is a simple mucogingival surgery to cover the exposed root surface without harvesting the palatal connective tissue. The purpose of this study is to compare the outcome of gingival recession therapy using SCTG and SCPF.
Materials and Methods: Forty Miller class I buccal gingival recessions (≥2mm) were selected. Recessions were randomly assigned to receive either the SCPF or SCTG. Recession Height (RH), Recession Width (RW), Width of Keratinized Tissue (WKT), Probing Depth (PD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), were measured at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. The data were analyzed using independent t-test and Repeated Measure ANOVA.
Results: The average percentages of root coverage for SCPF and SCTG were 88% and 71%, respectively and the complete root coverage observed were 55% and 45%, respectively. There were no significance differences between the two groups with regard to RW, PD, CAL, WKT (except in the third month after surgery which was slightly greater in SCPF group). RH was significantly decreased from 2 to 6 months after surgery in SCPF group.
Conclusion: The findings from this study indicate that if the tissue thickness and initial width of keratinized tissue are sufficient, SCPF may be a good substitute for SCTG in treatment of Miller class I gingival recessions.
Amir Aliramezani, Mohammad Hosein Salari, Mohammad Reza Pourmand, Zeinab Kadkhoda, Abbas Foroushani, Farzaneh Aminharati, Sedigheh Ghourchian, Zahra Pakbaz, Saeed Eshraghi,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (7-2012)
Abstract
Background and Aims: Periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases with the various incidence rates in different populations. A number of bacteria are considered as the major etiologic agents of periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of periodontopathogen bacteria in patients using both PCR and culture techniques.
Materials and Methods: In this study, one-hundred patients (including 62 females and 38 males with an average age of 49±11.5 years) with adult periodontitis referred to periodontics department of School of Dentistry/Tehran University of Medical Sciences were investigated. The samples were taken and sent immediately to the laboratory for culture and molecular evaluation. The PCR was performed using specific primers and the statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS statistic software and McNemar test.
Results: The results demonstrated that the total detection rate in culture method was 64%. The rate of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) was 28% which was significantly higher than that of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) (6%) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) (3%). 27% of cases showed mixed bacterial growth. 65% of patients were positive using molecular method. The rate of Aa (30%) was significantly higher than that of Pg (7%) and Pi (5%). The mixed PCR positive rate containing of Aa, Pg and Pi was (23%).
Conclusion: In this study, it was found that most of the bacteria isolated using culture and molecular methods were Aa, Pg and Pi, respectively. Although the detection frequencies of both techniques were similar, the specificity, sensitivity and bacterial detection speed of the PCR technique is obviously higher. Therefore, the use of molecular techniques is strongly recommended. However, both techniques seem to be suitable for microbiological diagnostics.
Babak Amoian, Shaghayegh Noori Bayat, Zahra Molana, Ali Akbar Moghaddam Nia, Fariba Asgharpoor,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (4-2014)
Abstract
Background and Aims : Antibiotics are commonly used for controlling the growth of porphyromons gingivalis (P.g) which is one of the most important etiologic factors in the periodontal diseases. Different side effects of synthetics and chemical drugs such as increasing the drug resistancy in the human pathogens have led to study on the herbal antibacterial effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of cinnamon on the growth of porphyromons gingivalis in chronic periodontitis patients with deep pockets.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, samples were provided from patients having pockets. After culturing the microorganism and diagnosis of P.g by gram staining and biochemical tests, cinnamon in different concentrations (10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1500 mg/ml ) with oil solvent were prepared and placed by disks in the cultures medium. Positive controls were amoxicillin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and gentamycin . Oil was negative control. Then the plates were incubated for 24 hours in 37 0 C and then non-growth halos by disk diffusion method, MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) were determined. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA test.
Results: The results showed that the cinnamon at the concentration of MIC=750 mg/ml had the inhibitory effects of bacteria and at the concentration of MIC=1500 mg/ml had killing effect. However, this antibacterial effect compared with commonly used antibiotics (amoxicillin, metronidazole), was much weaker (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Cinnamon showed an antimicrobial effect on porphyromonas gingivalis in chronic periodontitis patients with deep pockets.
Sara Valizadeh, Ladan Ranjbar Omrani, Zohreh Moradi,
Volume 33, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aims: Enoxolon is a natural licorice and its formula is similar to cortisone. The aim of this double blind randomized match control clinical trial, was to analyze the effect of Arthrodont toothpaste containing 1% Enoxolone on dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and bleeding indices.
Materials and Methods: 40 patients who had gingivitis were selected. They were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily for three minutes then massage the gums with pastes for one minute and then wash their mouths. The patients were divided into two groups: The Arthrodont toothpaste containing Enoxolon, was given to the study group and the Crest toothpaste free of Enoxolon, was given to the control group. At the beginning of the study and after 21 days, plaque, gingival, and bleeding indices were measured. The statistical analyses were done by Paird T test, T test and nonparametrical analysis of Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney.
Results: In both groups, the three indices decreased significantly. Comparing between the two groups, the gingival and bleeding indices had significantly decreased in the study group (Arthrodont toothpaste) compared to the control group (Crest toothpaste). However, no significance difference in the plaque index between the two groups was found (P=0.143).
Conclusion: The results of this clinical study showed that Enoxolon had anti-inflammatory effect on gingivitis.
Farzad Imamverdy, Reza Yazdani,
Volume 35, Issue 0 (5-2022)
Abstract
Background and Aims: The most effective way to maintain and improve oral health is tooth brushing to physically remove dental plaque. In this regard, this study was conducted to compare the efficiency of the usual method of each person in comparison with different methods of brushing to remove dental plaque.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 2020, as a randomized and open clinical trial with 72 non-dental male and female students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the usual method of tooth brushing with Modified Bass and Scrub Horizontal methods after training was evaluated in two random groups with plaque and gingival indices. Plaque index as a percentage and gingival index as a number (numbers between 0-1 mild inflammation, 1.1-2 moderate inflammation, 2-3 severe inflammation) were reported. The results were analyzed using SPSS25 software and paired t-test and variance equality test.
Results: The efficiency of the usual tooth brushing method in comparison with the two Modified Bass and Scrub Horizontal methods using two indicators of dental plaque and gingival indices was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Each method alone after tooth brushing significantly removed dental plaque (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the efficiency of the usual method of tooth brushing compared to trained methods in removing dental plaque and reducing gingivitis in short-term evaluation was not statistically significant.
