Journal of Dental Medicine

Background and Aim: In recent years, different substances have been considered in gingival cervical fluid (GCF) as diagnostic markers due to the evaluation of biologic events and biochemical process related to bone turnover during orthodontic movements. IL-6 concentration increases in GCF during the first week after force loading. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of IL-6 in GCF during orthodontic movements.

Materials and Methods: Fourteen orthodontic patients (9 females and 5 males, mean age 15.1±2.5 years) with Cl I malocclusion needing first bicuspid extraction participated in this clinical trial. In each patient one maxillary canine was distalized (DC) with a NiTi push coil spring. The contra-lateral canine (CC) was included in the orthodontic appliance but was not subjected to the orthodontic force  and one of the mandibular canines was used as control with no orthodontic appliance (Antagonist canine: AC). The concentration of IL-6 was evaluated at the baseline and 14th and 28th days after intervention. GCF was taken with periopapers from both mesial and distal sides of tooth before appliance activation, on the 14th and 28th days. Concentration of IL-6 in DC, CC, and AC detected by ELISA reader was compared by repeated measure ANOVA and LSD multiple comparison, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Although the inflammatory gingival indices increased in both DC and CC teeth but it was not significant. The amount of IL-6 in GCF increased on day 14th in DC teeth in comparison with AC and CC teeth. In addition, the concentration of IL-6 in DC teeth was significantly greater than the 1st and 28th days. The maximum concentration of IL-6 was detected in both pressure and tension sides of DCs at T₁₄. At T₂₈, although the IL-6 levels were significantly higher than baseline levels but, it was significantly less than T₁₄.

Conclusion: The results of this study support the hypothesis that mechanical stimuli cause an inflammatory reaction within the periodontal tissues.

Background and Aims: Lasers with different characteristics have been used to stimulate orthodontic tooth movements and to inhibit the pain during tooth movements. Considering the contradictory finding in this respect, the effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) was evaluated on the pain during orthodontic tooth movement.

Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 12 patients were included with extracted upper first premolars and required canine retraction into extraction site. While in both sides canines were retracted by Niti coil spring, one side was exposed to GaAlAs laser (890nm). LLLT was done on the buccal and palatal mucosa by slow movement of probe. The patients were asked about their pain on both sides 2 days after beginning of retraction. Pain measurement was evaluated with VAS.

Results: Pain perception in LLLT side significantly decreased (P=0.007).

Conclusion: Based on the results, single irradiation of GaAlAs laser (12J energy per tooth) can decrease pain perception.

Background and Aims: Lasers with different characteristics have been used to stimulate orthodontic tooth movement. Considering the contradictory findings in this regard, this study was designed to assess the effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.
Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 12 patients (4 boys and 8 girls average age:16.9 ± 3.4) with extracted upper first premolars and required canine retraction into extraction site were included. While in both sides canines were retracted by NiTi coil spring, one side was exposed to GaAlAs laser (890 nm). LLLT was done (on the buccal and palatal mucosa by slow movement of probe) at the beginning of the first month. Impression and cast fabrication performed at the beginning of retraction, one and two months later. The amount of retraction on the cast was measured with the aid of a reference plaque fabricated on the rogae using a digital caliper. Data were analyzed using paired sample T-test and one-sample Kolmogorov-Simirnov test.
Results: There was no significant difference in the amounts of canine movement between laser exposed and control sides (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The energy dose of laser used in this study (72 J per each tooth) was not appropriate for increasing dental movement.

  The aim of this review article was to define the mechanism of action and effects of commonly used medications on the tissue remodeling and Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM). A review on the effects of medications and dietary supplements on the rate of experimental tooth movement was performed using Cochrane library, Embase and medline (1980-2013). 63 articles were included in this review. 34 of them were related to the effects of hormones and analgesics, were evaluated in this article but their interpretation was hindered by the variability in experimental design, magnitude of force applied during tooth movement and medication regimens. Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) reduced the rate of tooth movement while non-NSAIDs such as acetaminophen had no effect on the rate of OTM. Corticosteroids, parathyroid hormone and thyroxin increased the rate of tooth movement. Sturgeons might slow OTM, but experimental studies are lacking. Medications might have an important influence on the rate of tooth movement and information on their consumption is necessary to adequately discuss treatment planning with patients.

  Molecules produced in various diseased tissues or drugs and nutrients consumed regularly by patients, can reach the mechanically stressed paradental tissues through the circulation and interact with local target cells. The combined effect of mechanical forces and one or more of these agents may be inhibitory, additive or synergistic. The aim of this review was to outline the mechanisms of action and effects of some commonly used drugs on tissue remodeling and Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM). A review on the effects of medications and dietary supplements on the rate of experimental tooth movement was performed using Cochrane library, Embase and Medline (1980-2013). 63 articles were included in the review. 34 of them related to the effects of hormones and analgesics were evaluated in the first part of this review. The rest of them (29 articles) were evaluated in the current review, but their interpretation was hindered by the variability in experimental design, magnitude of force applied during tooth movement and medication regimens. Vitamin D₃ might enhance the pace of tooth movement, but dietary calcium and fluorides appear to reduce the rate of OTM. Bisphosphonates (BPNs) are considered to have marked inhibitory effects on the rate of tooth movement. Nicotine and nitric oxide might effectively increase the speed of OTM. All drugs reviewed had therapeutic effects, as well as side effects, that may influence the cells targeted by orthodontic forces. Therefore, it is imperative that the orthodontist pays close attention to the drug consumption history of each and every patient, before and during the course of orthodontic treatment. When the use of drugs is revealed, their effects and side effects on tissue systems should be explored to determine their potential influence on the outcome of mechanotherapy.