Journal of

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Field of study and Goals: The provision of medical services and the distribution of agonist drugs in substance abuse treatment centers has led to a lack of attention to patients' treatment plans and a greater focus on drug distribution. In order to separate health and pharmaceutical services that are provided for opioid addicts in drug addiction treatment centers, a study has been designed with the aim of locating the selected pharmacy for the distribution of agonist drugs in District 21 of Tehran Municipality with a spatial approach.
Materials and Methods: This applied research is a descriptive-analytical method. The spatial and descriptive data were collected from the municipality organization and treatment and food and medicine departments of Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services and they were analyzed using ArcGIS software. Distribution of pharmacies and drug addiction treatment centers in the study area, locating the appropriate areas, and locating the selected pharmacy were studied by using the kernel density estimation functions, hierarchical analysis, and location model - allocation in two regional and district modes with maximum coverage of drug addiction treatment centers, respectively and analyzed using SPSS software and t-test. 
Results: This study shows that the distribution of pharmacies and population in different regions of the study area is commensurate. Based on the results of locating using hierarchical analysis method, all pharmacies in the study area are appropriate to be the pharmacy for distributing the agonist drugs, and the results of the location model – allocation shows that the average time, and distance to access to the selected district pharmacy is 17 minutes and 5.9 km, respectively and for the regional pharmacy is 2 minutes and 0.7 km, respectively. 
Conclusion: Separation of medical services and distribution of agonist drugs is essential. The findings of this study indicate that the distribution of agonist drugs through selected regional pharmacies increases access to medicine and the satisfaction of patients.

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 Background and Aim: Expenditure in the health sector requires appropriate resources management. This study was conducted to determine the amount of moral hazards associated with the service providers in the medication prescriptions paid by an insurance organization.
Methods: Study population included paid pharmaceutical documents in Tehran province in 2019. 2000 prescriptions for 500 insured people were randomly selected from the database of the organization. Two indicators (the number of suspicious prescriptions based on the incompatibility of a drug with the history of the disease or the drug spectrum of an insured and the number of prescriptions with a financial burden higher than the average usual burden of a normal patient) were matched with transcript data and analyzed with SPSS version 24. An experienced pharmacist was consulted to examine the drug spectrum of all prescriptions.
Results: 5.4% of total prescriptions were incompatible drugs and 6.4% had created extra financial burden. The highest incidence of risks by speciality was related to general practitioners (16 % with a surplus financial burden of 87/500/000 Rials). The highest number and amount of risks in Rials per insured group was related to supervisors (63 % with a surplus financial burden of 26/000/000 Rials). The risk in the military centres’ prescriptions were more than private and governmental centres and it was relatively equal in contracted (48%) and non-contracted (52%) centres.
Conclusion: The abuse in the health service provision is a high risk for  health care managers  in countries that have health insurance programs which their intelligent tracking reduces many of the insurers’ costs and prevent the shortage of vital medicines.

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Background: The rise in healthcare expenditures, particularly drug costs, has posed a significant challenge to the healthcare system. This issue is particularly critical for chronic diseases such as diabetes, as various factors influence patients' access to these medications and their financial ability to pay for them. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the access and purchasing power for anti-diabetic drugs in pharmacies and hospitals in Khorramabad city in 2022.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study included patients and visitors to private pharmacies and hospitals in Khorramabad. The required information was collected through patient prescriptions, pharmacy records, interviews, and checklists based on the World Health Organization protocol. Data analysis was performed using t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, and logistic regression, utilizing SPSS version 21 software.
Results: The findings revealed that among the socio-economic factors affecting the financial ability to pay for diabetes medications, income level is identified as a significant factor, particularly in patients with underlying conditions, where their income is adversely impacted. Additionally, the results indicated that, unlike the free market, in the healthcare and pharmaceutical market, no socio-economic factor from the demand side (i.e., patients) influences pharmacies as drug suppliers in terms of the accessibility index.
Conclusion: Despite the good availability of medications in pharmacies, the financial constraints faced by patients in covering medication costs suggest that government intervention through measures such as enhanced insurance coverage and medication subsidies could support economically disadvantaged groups.

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