Journal of Health and Safety at Work

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Introduction: Nearly half of occupational accidents in Iran occur in construction sites. Therefore, modeling of occupational accidents in these sites is one of the solutions to design safety strategies to reduce occupational accidents in the field of construction. This study was designed and conducted with the aim of modeling the cause-consequence of accidents in construction sites.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted based on a retrospective analysis of 10-year accident data (2010-2019) in Iranian construction sites in 2020. The main variable included the types of occupational accidents in construction sites. The study tool included accidents checklist as well as a detailed report of the studiedaccidents. The required data were collected based on a conceptual model designed to model the cause-consequence of accidents in the construction sites. Cause-consequence modeling of the studied accidents has been done based on the structural equation modeling and using IBM SPSS AMOS v. 22.0.
Results: The frequency of the studied accidents was 3854 accidents. The annual averages of AFR and ASR indices were 17.27 ± 8.54 and 322.42 ± 44.23 days, respectively. The results of cause-consequence modeling of these construction accidents showed that individual and occupational, safety training and risk assessment factors as well as variables related to these factors have a negative and significant relationship with the indicators of the construction accidents, and the factors of environmental conditions and unsafe acts and variables belonged to these factors have a positive and significant relationship with these indicators (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of the study revealed that the highest impact factors on accident indicators were related to safety training, risk assessment and unsafe acts and their variables. Therefore, the results of this modeling can help to design safety strategies in construction sites.

 

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Introduction: The manufacturing, service professions, and other occupations commonly require their employees to spend more than 2 hours of their workday in an upright position which can potentially cause temporary or permanent health effects. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of anti-fatigue mats on leg muscle discomfort and muscle activity due to prolonged standing.
Material and Methods: A total of 100 workers were involved in the study. The control and experimental group stood for 2 hours in a controlled room with or without the anti-fatigue mat while sorting an assortment of mixed items.  Borg’s scale questionnaire and EMG signals were used to monitor the muscle discomfort and activity of the respondents.
Results: The discomfort ratings and muscle activity in the experimental group were always at lower levels compared to the control group, which meant there was a reduction in mean perceived exertion rating for the knees, calves, and feet, i.e., 1.8, 2.5 and 2.6, respectively. The results showed that there was a statistically significant (P < 0.001) difference in the Borg’s scale of discomfort ratings and leg muscle activity between both groups.
Conclusion: The anti-fatigue mat can have a positive effect in preventing muscle discomfort and reduce muscle activity among the respondents during prolonged standing.

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Introduction: Rapid population growth and industrialization have increased chemical pollutants. Some studies show that employee exposure to formaldehyde in industrial places, hospitals, and laboratory settings is more than the allowed limits. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a proper control system to reduce this exposure. This study aimed to synthesize Ag3PO4/TiO2 nanocomposite, determine its morphological and structural characteristics, and test the degradation efficiency of this photocatalyst on formaldehyde.
Material and Methods: Ag3PO4/TiO2 composites were synthesized via an in-situ precipitation method. The physicochemical, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized sample were investigated by employing the BET method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalyst degradation efficiency test was performed on gaseous formaldehyde in a 3.2-liter photoreactor under visible light radiation.
Results: The UV–Vis absorption spectrum of the Ag3PO4/TiO2 sample noticeably shifted to the visible light region compared to that of the TiO2. The bandgap energy of the nanocomposite was 2.3 eV. The SEM image demonstrated that the average particle size of the nanocomposite was about 102 nm. The result of the degradation efficiency tests revealed that 63% of the formaldehyde was removed under visible light irradiation after 90 minutes by the Ag3PO4/TiO2 photocatalyst.
Conclusion: The adopted synthesis method adopted was highly efficient and appropriate for the synthesis of Ag3PO4/TiO2 nanocomposite according to the analyses. The Ag3PO4/TiO2 photocatalyst performed well under visible light radiation and could be used in pollution control systems.

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Introduction: Studies show that in many cases, environmental hazardous agents such as heat, noise, as well as chemical pollutants cause adverse health effects through the mechanism of oxidative stress. This study has examined the effect of exposure to noise and whole-body vibration (WBV) on some parameters of oxidative stress (enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) of workers in a foundry industry.
Material and Methods: The workers were selected based on the calculations related to the sample size and taking into account the inclusion criteria as well as completing the informed consent form. The level of exposure to noise and WBV was measured according to ISO 9612 and ISO 2631, respectively. For each worker, the time-weighted average was calculated. The level of exposure of workers to the studied stressors was divided into three categories: low, medium, and high. The blood samples were taken from all participants between 7-9 am. Then, via ELISA method according to the protocol of the kit manufacturer, the samples were prepared and analyzed. Univariate analysis of variance was performed to determine the “effect size” of each physical stressors on the studied parameters.
Results: The mean levels of MDA, SOD, and TAC among participants were 22.48 (11.19) nmol / ml, 61.28 (10.97) U / ml, and 1.64 (0.90) mM, respectively. Among the exposure variables, noise had the largest effect on MDA level (B = 0.090), which was not statistically significant (P = 0.865). WBV had the largest effect on SOD level (B = -1.469) which was statistically significant (P = 0.016). None of the studied variables had a significant effect on the TAC level; however, among the exposure variables, the greatest effect was related to WBV (B = -0.077; P = 0.133).
Conclusion: The effect of noise on oxidative stress parameters was not statistically significant. The effect of whole-body vibration on oxidative stress parameters except SOD was not statistically significant. Noise and WBV had increasing effect on MDA and decreasing one on SOD and TAC levels.

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Introduction: Safety climate potentially affects safety performance in high-hazard industries. Resilience is a developing concept and is defined as the ability that can affect the continuous improvement of safety performance. The present study assesses the influence of organizational resilience on workers’ safety performance in a steel-manufacturing industry. In this regard, the safety climate mediates the effect of organizational resilience on safety performance.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was accomplished in the steel manufacturing industry in 2021. The survey included three parts: (1) organizational resilience, (2) safety performance, and (3) safety climate. Besides, the organizational resilience was measured by a scale with six dimensions and 19 items. Also, safety performance was assessed by six items regarding two performance dimensions (i.e., safety compliance and safety participation). In addition, safety climate was measured by 19 items, comprising four dimensions (i.e., safety communication, supervisor safety perception, coworker safety perception, and work pressure).
Results: The structural equation modeling results showed that the organizational resilience and safety climate had significant impacts on safety climate (β = 0.23, P ≤ 0.05) and safety performance (β = 0.43, P ≤ 0.05), respectively. Also, the indirect results indicated that safety climate mediated the relationship between organizational resilience and workers’ safety performance.
Conclusion: The increment of organizational resilience and safety climate improves workers’ safety performance. Besides, organizational resilience and related dimensions (e.g., reporting culture, learning, and awareness) improve the safety performance dimensions (i.e., safety compliance and safety participation).

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Introduction: Usability has been defined as the extent to which specific users can efficiently use a product to achieve specific goals. Along with the increased number of the elderly population, there is a need for user-centered products for this group of people. Smartphones are widely used products in modern society. USE (Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Ease of use) questionnaire is an easy-to-use, quick, and accurate instrument to assess product/service usability. Thus, this study was done to determine the validity and reliability of the Farsi version of the USE questionnaire to evaluate the usability of smartphones for elderly users.
Material and Methods: The USE questionnaire was developed by Lund (2001) to assess usability, considering four separate dimensions: usefulness, satisfaction, ease of use, and ease of learning. This is a 30-item questionnaire that evaluates usability on a 7-point Likert scale. In order to assess the face and content validity of the questionnaire, a panel of nine experts was asked to rate the relevancy, clarity, simplicity, and necessity of each question using the Likert scale. Subsequently, the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were computed. In order to confirm the reliability of the questionnaire, two methods of internal reliability and test-retest reliability were used. In this sense, Cronbach’s alpha was calculated as the measure of internal reliability. Cronbach’s alpha equal to and above 0.7 was considered the minimum acceptable value. To measure the test-retest, 50 old adults (aged 60 years old and above) were asked to answer the questionnaire twice at a two-week interval. Then, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated between the two sets of scores. Also, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized for specifying its sensitivity, specificity, and cut -off point
Results: Based on the comments of the expert panel, CVI scores of all questionnaire items were above 0.78, whereas four items rated less than 0.78 in terms of CVR scores; and, consequently, were removed from the questionnaire. Moreover, according to the reliability assessment results, both internal correlation and test-retest scores obtained acceptable values. Specifically, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for usefulness, satisfaction, ease of use, and ease of learning were 0.771, 0.862, 0.756, and 0.798, respectively. In the ROC curve, the cut-off point was reported as 4.88 with the sensitivity and specificity of 97.8% and 75%, respectively, and area under the ROC curve at this cut-off point was obtained 81%.
Conclusion: Comparing a product’s characteristics with standards is a prerequisite to determining the level of usability of that product. The Farsi version of the USE questionnaire is a reliable tool for measuring usability with satisfactory validity and reliability. This questionnaire can be used in future studies in smartphone usability.

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Introduction: Oxygen-generating central plays a vital role in the continuous performance of hospitals. Any leakage or failure in this section can not only endanger the health and safety of patients but also cause fire and explosion. Probabilistic risk assessment is a useful tool for identifying the main root causes of leakage in oxygen-generating central. This study aimed at risk assessment of an oxygen-generating central in a hospital in Hamadan using fuzzy sets theory and Bayesian networks.
Material and Methods: First, all root causes supposed to contribute to oxygen leakage from any part of the oxygen-generating central were identified, and based on them a fault tree analysis (FTA) was constructed. Then, the FTA was mapped in a BN. The failure probability of root causes was calculated using fuzzy sets theory and experts’ opinions. Belief updating based on BN was utilized for subsequent analyses.
Results: According to this study, ignorance of labels on the oxygen generation and distribution system is the most important root cause leading to oxygen leakage. Moreover, removing masks from patient’s faces is the main cause of oxygen leakage in patient rooms. Once leakage occurred, the presence of an ignition source can lead to fire or explosion.
Conclusion: oxygen leakage can create considerable risks in hospitals. All staff should be provided with sufficient training regarding hazards of oxygen-generating and distributing systems and oxygen leakage. Particular attention should be paid to such leakages and their adverse consequence in emergency planning and hospital crisis management.

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Introduction: Ergonomics culture emphasizes ergonomics policies, goals, and programs that create behavioral, environmental, and structural reforms in the governing environment of the organization. The present study assesses the ergonomics culture dimensions in the North Tehran Health Center office building through the Delphi method and an expert questionnaire.
Material and Methods: The Delphi method was used to develop an expert questionnaire. The evaluation criteria were determined based on the engineering dimensions of human factors and the organizational culture factor model. Besides, the sub-criteria were specified based on the macro-ergonomics approach. In this case, the most critical sub-criteria were chosen using 15 experts and the Delphi method. Thus, a questionnaire was developed with 15 questions. The ergonomics culture criteria were classified considering the frequency of negative responses. The highest frequency of negative response demonstrated poor ergonomic status and vice versa.
Results: The results revealed that the maximum average negative score among the six principal evaluation criteria was related to the information and communication index at an average score of 66. The other criteria were ranked as follows: the management, staff, equipment design, environment layout, and job characteristics with average scores of 58, 56, 54.67, 49.5, and 36.8, respectively.
Conclusion: The ergonomics culture questionnaire was prepared and analyzed by an expert team using the Delphi method. According to the indices, the ergonomics culture level was unacceptable at the North Tehran Health Center. Thus, it is recommended to provide ergonomics courses and seminars, video clips, pamphlets, posters, and related courses. Also, training and development of ergonomics instructions can help establish an ergonomics culture in the organization to a significant extent.

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Introduction: Human error can occur in many work environments, especially in control rooms. Due to the vital role of the central railway traffic control room in guiding and controlling all types of trains along the railway network, any error in this control room can lead to a catastrophic accident. This study aims to identify and assess human error in the central control room of railway traffic using the HEART technique.
Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2021. In this research, tasks and sub-tasks were identified using the hierarchical task analysis (HTA) method. Then, the probability of human error was assessed using the HEART technique.
Results: Based on the results of the HTA method, 67 main tasks, and 149 sub-tasks were identified. The study results on the probability of human error using the HEART technique showed that the three main tasks of the traffic expert (distribution of types of diesel, establishing the freight priority, and planning the movement of trains) had the highest probability of error. In addition, the most critical factors influencing human error were “evidence of illness among employees”, “sleep disorder”, “inexperience”, “unfamiliarity”, and “stress”.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the central railway traffic control room employees are prone to errors, and if these staff make errors, irreparable accidents will occur. To reduce the probability of error of these employees, measures should be considered, such as using regular and appropriate shifts, the use of skilled and competent people, and so on.

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Introduction: Occupational fatigue is one of the harmful factors in many work environments, including health centers, which can have adverse effects on the health and safety of staff. This study was designed and conducted to determine the relationship between occupational fatigue and elements of the systems engineering model for patient safety in nurses.
Material and Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted with the participation of 457 nurses of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Dimensions of fatigue were assessed by a Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) and Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model’s elements using the SEIPS model’s questionnaire. Validity was examined using the Lawshe method; calculating Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) was approved through the confirmation of experts. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21
Results: The findings of this study indicated that the highest score of fatigue was related to the general fatigue dimension with an average of 12.86 and SD of 3.23, and the lowest score was related to the reduction of the motivation dimension with an average of 9.11 and SD of 3.66. In this study, no significant relationship was observed between demographic characteristics and fatigue dimensions, but a significant relationship was observed between the dimensions of fatigue with the element of organization, task, technology/tools, and physical environment.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that fatigue in nurses was moderate, and the factors of the work system play a greater role in the occurrence of fatigue than demographic factors. Therefore, planning to improve the work system can help reduce fatigue in nurses.

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Introduction: Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) method is used in industries to identify, assess and prioritize risks. Multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) select the best option from different criteria. Therefore, this study aims to identify, assess and prioritize risks using FMEA based on SWARA-VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making methods in a gas pressure reduction station.
Material and Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) and decision-making optimization and compromise solution (VIKOR) methods were used to rank the risks of failure modes identified in FMEA. SWARA method was employed to determine the severity, probability and discovery weights, and VIKOR technique was applied to rank the failure modes of the system equipment. Finally, an operational example of the pressure reduction station was presented to show the application and feasibility of the proposed model. A comparative study was conducted to confirm the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed model.
Results: In total, 35 main failure modes were identified in the pressure reduction station. Failure of regulator sleeve and safety valve and regulator diaphragm rupture were assigned the first, second and third ranks of risk priority, respectively. The sensitivity analysis results showed the proposed approach had desirable stability and only the failure mode of increasing the heater flame temperature was very sensitive to changes in the weight of the criteria. Results of ranking the failure modes of the station indicated there were many changes in the ranking of failure modes based on the proposed approach.
Conclusion: The proposed approach could provide more reasonable and accurate results for ranking risks because the criteria were weighed step by step based on the experts’ opinion.

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Introduction: Nurses of the emergency department experience stressful events that affect their mental health and reduce the quality of their work life. Career adaptability is considered a personal capability that enables employees to adapt to changes and avoid the negative consequences of job mismatch. This study was conducted to study career adaptability and its correlation with the quality of work life in the emergency department.
Material and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 104 nurses in the emergency department of teaching–therapeutic hospitals in Tabriz who were selected using random stratified sampling. Data was collected using a demographic checklist, the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) by Savickas, and the Quality of Nursing Work Life (QNWL) scale by Brooks & Anderson. Data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and linear regression analysis).
Results: The total scores of career adaptability and the quality of nursing work life were 88.55±25.01 from the achievable range of 24-120 and 141.15±22.56 from the achievable range of 42-252, respectively, which were moderate. In this study, 85.6% of nurses enjoyed a moderate quality of work life. Furthermore, the results of Pearson’s correlation indicated a significant positive correlation between career adaptability and scopes with the quality of work life score (p=0.05). Regression analysis results indicated that career adaptability significantly predicts the quality of nursing work life (p=0.000).
Conclusion: In this study, nurses experienced moderate career adaptability and quality of work life. Given the above factors, and considering adaptability as a variable predicting quality of work life, it is suggested to take measures to increase career adaptability in nurses through training or consulting interventions to improve the quality of nursing work life.

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Introduction: Health workers, especially nurses, are facing a high risk of contracting the COVID-19 and consequent mental disorders such as stress, anxiety and depression. We aimed to study the relationship between anxiety, stress and the protective behavior of nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on nurses working in COVID -19 referral hospitals in Qazvin, Iran, in 2020. Out of 645 nurses working in two hospitals, 260 of them were selected randomly. Three questionnaires including demographic and contextual information, COVID-19 anxiety, stress and precautionary behaviors against COVID-19 were used. Descriptive statistical methods, Pearson correlation, t-test and one-way analysis of variance and binary logistic regression analysis were applied at 95% confidence interval.
Results: The prevalence of anxiety symptoms in nurses was 32.08%, the mean score of protective behavior was 18.45+5.66 and the maximum score was 22.06+4.7. The negative relationship between anxiety and nurses precautionary behavior) β=-0.36, P<0.05) and the significant effect of COVID-19 stress on nurses’ behavior) β=-0.22, P<0.05) were confirmed. Furthermore, adding stress as an interfering factor, affirmed the mediating role of stress in the relationship between anxiety and nurses’ precautionary behavior (β=-0.18, P<0.05). Nurses under 35 years of age were more likely (OR=1.62, P=0.004) to follow the protective rules; those with 6 to 10 years of hospital experience were respectively 32 times and 37 times more probable to use personnel protective equipment (PPE) (OR=1.32, P=0.002) .
Conclusion: The probability of effective use of PPE and observance of protective guidelines among nurses with severe and very severe anxiety levels was less than their counterparts. While in those with controlled level of stress level such obedience was much more probable. Therefore, all health service providers, need to develop supportive programs to emphasize on the promotion of employees’ mental health.

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Introduction: Complex sociotechnical systems, such as automotive industry, require a proper macro-ergonomic approach to design and implement the work system at micro-ergonomic level. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate effective macroeconomic factors to improve productivity, health and safety of employees in the automotive industry based on Holden & Karsh model.
Material and Methods: At the first step, relevant documents were reviewed, and then experts were interviewed to identify macro-ergonomic factors. The identified factors were categorized into four groups based on Holden & Karsh’s model. In the follow-up phase of the study, then, the content validity of the factors was calculated using Delphi technique in the form of an expert panel. Finally, validity acceptance was assessed using mean content validity index, and agreement between experts was evaluated using modified kappa coefficient
Results: 28 main factors were identified and categorized into four subgroups, including personnel, unit /department, organization and environment factors. 19 main factors were selected as the effective macro-ergonomic factors to improve employee’s productivity, health, and safety. The content validity index and the modified kappa coefficient were calculated as 0.901 and 0.90, respectively.
Conclusion: Macro-ergonomic factors identified in this study can be considered to improve employee’s productivity, health, and safety in the automotive industry. These factors can be used as specific context-based criteria for an ergonomic evaluation in the automotive industry, or even be generalized to other industries, organizations and companies.

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Introduction: This study aims to determine the amount of hand-arm vibration transmitted from heavy electric destruction tools and the effect of using chisel with different lengths and shapes when demolishing concrete surfaces.
Material and Methods: To evaluate the magnitude of hand-arm vibration on the left and right handles of two powerful electric demolition hammers commonly applied in Iranian construction work and urban services, 323 measurements were made (RONIX and NEC). The demolition procedure was carried out by two experienced users on 49 concrete slabs of the same grade (20 C) with thicknesses of 10 and 15 cm while utilizing standard tools, such as hammers with two different chisel head shapes (flat and point) and lengths (40 and 60 cm). Utilizing two SVANTEK vibration meters concurrently on each hammer handle, measurement and evaluation were according to the ISO 5349:1, 2 procedures.
Results: The mean effective (frequency weighted root mean square) acceleration (awrms) for the Vector Sum Values (VSV) in the hammer handles were 15.71 m/s². The primary vibrational axis transmitted to the handle of tool was the vertical axis, at 13.60 m/s². When employing flat and point chisel, the mean awrms were 16.59 m/s² and 14.82 m/s², respectively. The difference between the results of 60 and 40 chisel was a little more than 2m/s2. The dominant and harmonic frequencies of the tools were generally in the range of 25 Hz to 80 Hz and 200 Hz to 400 Hz
Conclusion: The mean results generally indicated that point chisel with shorter lengths (40 cm) accelerates at a lower rate than flat chisel with longer lengths (60 cm). In the frequency range below 40 Hz, the RONIX hammer produced a larger acceleration than the NEC hammer indicating that the NEC hammer had a higher safety competitive advantage compared to the another hammer.

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Introduction: Unit risk management is a critical component of gas refining management, as risks that are not well-managed may lead to trip production failures. The present study aimed to provide a structural model for investigating the role and effect of different variables on stopping the gas production process in the gas refinery.
Material and Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional and systematic analysis, which was carried out on key risks in the trip gas sweetening unit in a gas refinery industry located in Asaluyeh, Iran. The systems analysis was applied by using Fishbone Diagram, and then data modeling was prepared by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for an incident that occurred during gas sweetening production. Tools for the data analysis included the SPSS 24 and Smart PLS 2 software.
Results: Results of this research indicate that “Environment Risk” with a path coefficient of 0.943 and T- Value of 103.791; “Cost Risk” with a path coefficient of 0.937 and T- Value of 95.168; “Implementation of management system Risk” with a path coefficient of 0.847 and T- Value of 35.23; “Accident Risk” with path coefficient of 0.577 and T- Value of 25.410; “Time Risk” with path coefficient of 0.758 and T- Value of 15.121; “Human Error Risk” with path coefficient of 0.712 and T- Value of 11.215 had the most important coefficients of the paths respectively, that are effective in stopping production concerning other risks. Also, by comparing the path coefficients of the risks we can see that the impact of each of the risks on stopping production is different.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed that a combination of variables can affect stopping production in the gas industry. Therefore, the role of these risks in losses in the refinery system should be investigated.

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Introduction: Universities play a key role in creating a knowledge-based society and its sustainable development. Strategic planning by strategically analyses internal and external environments of the organization, forecast its future, identifying its strategic direction, and strengthening organizational structures, processes, and outcomes, creates and sustains competitive advantages. This study aimed to formulate a strategic plan for the Occupational Health Engineering (OHE) department of School of Public Health (SPH) at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).
Material and Methods: In this participatory action research, a strategic planning committee was formed. The strategic planning committee used the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) matrix to evaluate the internal and external environments of the OHE department. Then, the mission, vision, values, goals and objectives of the OHE department were defined. Finally, the operational plan including actions to achieve the goals and objectives were formulated.
Results: Experienced professors and staff, specialized laboratories, professional journals, and high ranked postgraduate students were the most important strengths; and theoretical and non-practical courses, lack of educational protocols, poor communication with industries, lack of resources, and low motivation of employees were some of the weaknesses of the OHE department.  The support of senior managers of TUMS, industry liaison council at school and university, facilities of the university faculties, comprehensive research laboratories of the university, capacities of the private sector and increasing the demand for research in the industry were the opportunities. High inflation, political sanctions, the absence of consulting engineering companies and the uncertainty of research priorities of industries were important threats to the OHE department. Therefore, the OHE department is in a conservative strategic position. The strategic direction of the department, including the mission, vision, values and goals, until 2025 was determined. Improving the structures, working processes and performance of the occupational health department were determined as objectives and 81 actions were formulated to achieve these objectives.
Conclusion: The educational departments, schools and universities must have a strategic plan for progress. The strategic plan of the occupational health department of TUMS was formulated in line with the four-year plan of the university and coordinated with the operational plans of the educational, health and research deputies of TUMS and school of public Health. Proper implementation of this comprehensive and evidence-based strategic plan will improve the performance of the occupational health department.

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Introduction: One of the essential and critical elements for efficient and effective management of emergencies is anticipation and identification of possible types of emergencies. As such, a framework for anticipating and identifying emergencies was designed and tested in two process industries in the form of a case study.
Material and Methods: At first, methods for identifying emergency preparedness and their evaluation criteria were extracted and prioritized with a two-stage fuzzy approach. A fuzzy inference system was then used to calculate the weight of the experts’ opinions. To prioritize the methods, the inputs related to the second fuzzy system were estimated and the final score of the methods was calculated by entering the mentioned variables into the fuzzy system.
Results: The findings pertaining to the final ranking of the methods indicated that, “list of catastrophic accidents and near-misses of the organization’s lifespan”, “MIMAH” and “risk assessment and management” had the highest scores among the identified methods with the final scores of 0.754, 0.750 and 0.725, respectively.
Conclusion: Using this approach will help in more accurate identification of potential emergencies. Consequently, this will lead to the prevention of imposed damages caused by the situation as well as making the wrong investments by eliminating low-priority emergencies.

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Introduction: Affinity for Technology Interaction (ATI) refers to the users’ tendency to actively interact with a digital system. ATI is a personal characteristic affecting many aspects of human-technology interaction. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ATI scale.
Material and Methods: The Persian version of the scale was developed in accordance with the forward-backward translation approach. The construct validity of the scale was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The correlation of the scale with the Big-five personality traits, need for cognition (NFC), age, gender, and field of study was also investigated.
Results: In contrast to the original scale, the Persian ATI had two components, confirmed by the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The first component contained eight items and the second contained one item, item 3. So, this item was removed from the scale. The 8-item scale demonstrated excellent reliability (coefficient=0.90). The Persian ATI was not significantly correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism (p>0.05). In contrast, it was significantly correlated with openness to experience (0.175, p<0.01) and NFC (0.36, p<0.01). The Persian ATI score for men was higher than for women. Various age groups were not significantly different in terms of the Persian ATI score.
Conclusion: In contrast to the original version, the Persian version of ATI is composed of eight items. Other characteristics, including unidimensionality and correlation with other personality traits, are similar to the original version.

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Introduction: Cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies define as cognition-based responses according to emotion-eliciting experiences that can change the type and severity of individuals’ reactions and behaviors. This modification may positively or negatively affect cognitive performance and therefore, it is a defining issue in the workplace. Notably, industries such as combined cycle power plants need to hire staff with a high cognitive ability to perform their duties in a highly efficient way. Since CER is of great importance for overall health and cognitive performance, we aimed to evaluate the state of CER among control room operators (CROs) in the Fars combined cycle power plant.
Material and Methods: The CER questionnaire (CERQ) measures nine cognitive coping strategies (i.e., self-blame, other-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, positive refocusing, planning, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, and acceptance) that are followed when an individual confronts negative events. The CERQ (short version) was administered to 57 male CROs at the Fars combined cycle power plant. The questionnaire also collected demographic data. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 25.0. For the normality test, Shapiro-Wilk was the method of choice.
Results: Results of the CERQ scoring showed that the median with interquartile range (IQR) in appropriate and inappropriate categories were 3.50 (3.30-4.00) and 2.62 (2.25-3.06), respectively. Of note, age (39.07 ±6.19) and work experience (14.49±6.26) were not significantly correlated with the results of CERQ.
Conclusion: Taken together, adaptive cognitive strategies (acceptance, positive refocusing, planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective) were reported to be used more often than less adaptive strategies. In general, staff strategies were appropriate while facing a negative event. Although assessing CER in high-demand workplaces is necessary, factors such as managerial styles, job engagement, job satisfaction, and larger sample size should be further studied.