Journal of Health and Safety at Work

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Introduction: Strategic management involves determining the organization’s direction, preparing a strategic vision and mission statement, and providing the basis for growth, profitability, and production. It also includes the inclusion of employee safety and health programs throughout the organization. The existence of a strategic plan for the scientific and practical strengthening of occupational health and safety is one of the country’s academic and industrial priorities. The purpose of this study is to present a strategic plan for developing the specialized field of occupational health and safety engineering in Iran.
Material and Methods: The current study is a collaborative action research study that was conducted in 2021. The strategic planning committee consisted of 20 professors, experts, and doctoral students. Over the course of 14 weeks, they held regular weekly meetings, collected information from inside and outside the organization, analyzed the organization’s internal and external environment, and identified its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Based on this analysis, the committee determined the organization’s mission, perspective, values, and general and specific goals for 2021-2024. They also identified the necessary measures to achieve these goals and developed an operational plan to improve the performance of the specialized field of occupational health and safety.
Results: Conducting this applied research led to the strategy of internal and external analysis of the specialized OHS field, determining the direction of the basic strategy, mission, perspective, values, and general goals. Finally, seven specific goals and 286 actions were determined to improve the performance of OHS. The SWOT analysis of OHS’s internal and external environment identified 27 strengths, seven weaknesses, 26 opportunities, and 12 threats. According to the results of the SWOT matrix, the strategic position of the OHS field is to implement preventive strategies and maintain existing conditions.
Conclusion: This plan aligns with the 4-year OHS plan. In developing the program, attention has been paid to the documents and policies of upstream organizations. The strategic position of occupational health and safety engineering is a prudent strategy. In this situation, strategies for maintaining existing conditions can be applied. Therefore, it is suggested to reduce the weaknesses of OHS as much as possible and increase its strategic capabilities by focusing on prudent strategies. From the second year of implementing the strategic plan, the OHS field can gradually focus on developing activities.

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic caused many businesses to face problems and created job insecurity, leaving many workers and employees stressed about losing their jobs. Therefore, the current research aimed to analyze the impact of workplace safety management measures on the behavior of organizational citizens concerning the role of job insecurity and the perceived risk of COVID-19 among the employees of Mashhad Social Security Organization.
Material and Methods: The current applied research is a descriptive survey. The research population is all 560 employees of the social security organization of Mashhad city. The sample size was estimated based on Morgan’s table using a convenience sampling method, with a total number of 225. The data collection instrument was Wu et al.’s (2022) standard questionnaire, used to check construct validity and confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and composite reliability were used to measure reliability, and the results showed that the questionnaire was adequately valid and reliable. The data analysis also involved structural equation modeling conducted in Smart PLS.
Results: The results showed that workplace safety management measures have an impact on organizational citizenship behavior and the perceived risk of COVID-19. Also, the perceived risk of COVID-19 has a positive effect on perceived job insecurity. Yet, the perceived risk of COVID-19 does not influence organizational citizenship behavior and does not mediate the relationship between workplace safety management measures and organizational citizenship behavior. Workplace safety management measures have an impact on perceived job insecurity, and job insecurity has an impact on organizational citizenship behavior.
Conclusion: In light of the present findings, it can be concluded that workplace safety management measures are among the most important programs and strategies of organizations to increase citizenship behaviors, support employees, and provide safe conditions in an organization.

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Introduction: To ensure employee safety and health, it is crucial to choose and use personal protective equipment correctly. An investigation of the respiratory and hearing protection equipment used in the industries of Tehran was conducted in the present study.
Material and Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical study conducted in 2023 on 400 occupational health and safety experts in Tehran province. A researcher-made checklist and questionnaire (physical and online versions) were used to determine the criteria that are considered when selecting protective equipment. Statistical analysis and graphing were performed using SPSS-v21 and Excel-2016.
Results: Participants had an average age of 38.66 and an average work experience of 11.78 years. The participants reported 48.3% and 47.7% disapproval of the quality and 42.5% and 39.5% disapproval respectively of the quantity of respiratory and hearing protection equipment available in their industrial units. In addition, 56.3% of them admitted that they have no responsibility for providing or approving the equipment in their workplace. Overall, 27 and 29 criteria were mentioned by study participants pertaining to respiratory and hearing protection equipment, respectively. In the identified criteria, the frequency distribution ranged from 0.3% to 38%.
Conclusion: A high rate of expert dissatisfaction with protective equipment and a low frequency of most of the criteria mentioned indicates that industries aren’t paying much attention to the issue of choosing the right respiratory and hearing protection equipment. To improve the situation, more investigation is needed and practical and operational solutions will be provided. This study highlights the importance of proper selection and use of personal protective equipment in ensuring the safety and health of employees.

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Introduction: Falls from height rank among the most frequent accidents encountered in construction workplaces. To mitigate such risks, the utilization of suitable personal fall protection equipment, including safety harnesses, proves to be an effective control measure.
Material and Methods: This study involved a comprehensive review of articles pertaining to the study’s objective, published in renowned scientific journals between 2000 and 2021. To achieve this, a meticulous search was conducted across ten scientific-specialized databases, employing eight keywords: “Full body harness,” “fall arrest systems,” “industrial harness,” “harness ergonomic,” “design procedures harness,” “standard for harness,” “fall protection,” and “P.P.E work at height.” The search yielded a collection of relevant articles for analysis and examination.
Results: A total of 101 articles were gathered through the utilization of the specified keywords. Subsequently, a meticulous review process led to the selection of 23 relevant articles for inclusion in the primary study. These chosen articles were categorized into two distinct groups: one focused on the “design of harnesses and optimization of fall arrest systems,” while the other delved into “studies on the consequences of suspension from a height and its effects.” Our findings revealed that 34.7% of the studies evaluated harness safety, 34.7% examined harness ergonomics, and 30.3% investigated suspension consequences.
Conclusion: When a harness is suspended, it leads to physiological changes. Notably, no studies have reported any fatalities resulting from harness suspension. However, the longevity of the suspension greatly depends on utilizing the appropriate harness accessories. The most significant challenge lies in the ergonomic design of the harnesses.

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Introduction: The goal of this study is to investigate how the development of technology has affected the industry (especially the mining industry). For this purpose, this paper examines the impact of intelligent mining machinery systems, including tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS), dispatching systems, and vehicle health monitoring systems (VHMS), on health, safety, and environmental parameters and preventative maintenance.
Material and Methods: This study is descriptive-analytical research that was conducted between time intervals before and after employing the intelligent mining machinery systems. Initially, parameters were identified using the Delphi method. These parameters include human accidents, equipment accidents, environmental incidents, warnings and fines in the domains of health, safety, and the environment, tire usage parameters, the shelf life of the tire, oil overfill, fuel consumption, failure rate, mean time between failures, and preventive maintenance compliance schedules in the domain of preventative maintenance. The effectiveness of using these systems was then assessed by comparing the state of the specified parameters before and after the introduction of the intelligent mining machinery systems.
Results: The findings of this research indicate that using intelligent mining machinery systems will decrease equipment accidents by 33.3%, extend the useful life of tires by 7.1%, reduce fuel consumption by 14.6%, cut the mean time required to repair by 25.5%, and enhance preventive maintenance compliance schedules by 5.7%.
The findings showed the effectiveness of the use of intelligent systems of mining machines was obtained as follows: reduction of equipment accidents by 33.3%, increasing the useful life of tires by 7.1%, reducing fuel consumption by 14.6%, reducing the average downtime of the car for repair by 25.5% and increasing compliance with the maintenance program by 5.7%.
Conclusion: Utilizing intelligent mining machinery systems might have a positive impact on the safety of machines, reduce negative environmental effects like fuel consumption, and improve the maintenance of heavy machinery, which would lead to better mining conditions and lower costs.
 

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Introduction: Steel erection is known as one of the most hazardous construction activities. From an occupational health and safety perspective, this process carries high risk. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a qualitative risk analysis of steel structure assembly and model it using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM).
Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the construction site of a high-rise building steel structure was first visited to identify the main processes involved. Then, semi-structured and open-ended interviews were conducted with 33 workers partaking in this process. Data from the interviews and process identification were entered into FRAM Model Visualiser (FMV) software to investigate and model complex relationships and interactions between daily tasks.
Results: Of the 19 major system component functions identified, four functions had potential instability and defects due to complex human, organizational, and technological function interactions. By intensifying the FRAM graphic model, risks may be imposed on the system if the interactions of these four functions are neglected. These include coordination with the experienced rigger, preparation of the tower crane, attachment of parts at the installation site, and execution of the rescue rope.
Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that conducting qualitative risk assessment and modeling the steel frame construction process using FRAM allows for an in-depth understanding of nonlinear conditions and dynamics resulting from escalating technical-social interactions. This approach enables a comprehensive analysis of system safety status.
 

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Introduction: Due to uncertainties regarding the risks of engineered nanomaterials for human health and the environment, different organizations and researchers have developed various management frameworks and assessment tools to mitigate hazards during the procedures and applications of engineered nanomaterials. However, most of these techniques do not meet all the individual requirements. This study provides a review and introduction to the techniques developed for the management of safety, health, and environmental risks associated with engineered nanomaterials.
Material and Methods: In order to find pertinent documents on the safe handling of engineered nanomaterials, a search was conducted using the following keywords: “Engineered nanomaterials”, “Framework”, “Tool”, “Risk management”, “Occupational exposure”, “Environment”, “Risk assessment”, and “Nanotechnology”. The search was conducted on various databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, NIOSH, ECHA, and ISO. Among the search results, tools and frameworks that specifically focus on the safety, health, and environmental risk management or assessment of engineered nanomaterials were selected.
Results: Among the search results, 17 frameworks and 11 developments in the field of managing occupational, environmental, and toxicological risks associated with engineered nanomaterials were discussed. Various frameworks and tools for identifying, evaluating, and managing the potential risks of engineered nanomaterials vary in terms of their scope, goals, risk assessment approaches, and output, offering diverse applications.
Conclusion: Various tools and frameworks, each with unique properties, applications, and limitations, can assist organizations in achieving their goals related to safety, health, and environmental issues in the field of nanotechnology. Currently, there is no consensus on the optimal approach for assessing the risks of nanomaterials, underscoring the necessity for additional research, development, and collaboration in this field.
 

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Introduction: One of the ways to produce electricity in power plants is to use gas turbines and generators. Due to the use of methane gas as the fuel of the burners and the high rotation speed, this equipment has a high DOW index level, therefore, if the hazardous conditions in the gas turbine are not controlled by the safety instrumented system and the process is not directed to a safe state, Catastrophic events will occur such as fire and explosion and damage to property and people as well as interruption of the power generation process will happen in the long term, so gas turbine safety instrumentation systems can be considered as “critical safety systems”. Therefore, the reliability and availability of their function should be evaluated. The purpose of this research is to determine and verify the safety integrity level (SIL) related to the safety instrumented function (SIF) of the gas turbine and generator in a combined cycle power plant.
Material and Methods: In this study, the safety integrity level was determined by using two methods, Calibrated Risk Graph (CRG) and Independent Protection Layer Analysis (LOPA), and to verify the safety integrity level, the requirements related to random hardware failure, hardware failure tolerance, and systematic capability are considered according to IEC 61511 and IEC 61508 standards.
Results: The results of a case study in gas turbine and generator showed that the LOPA method is more quantitative than CRG and provides more details of independent protective layers, so it is a more suitable method for determining SIL. The SIL verification results show the SIL2 level, closer to the LOPA results.
Conclusion: The obtained results show that the function of the studied gas turbine safety instrumentation system has a suitable level of reliability and availability and is well responsive to risky conditions and possible deviations. The present approach helps safety engineers and instrumentation engineers to calculate the reliability and availability of the Function of the safety instrumentation systems of their process equipment and ensure its acceptability or not.

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Introduction: One of the questions that always arises in the minds of researchers, especially young researchers, is what pattern the progress of science follows in their field of expertise and what is the direction of the studies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of the studies published from 2011 to 2022 in Persian scientific journals in the field of workplace safety and determine the direction and scientific process of studies in this field.
Material and Methods: All the studies published from the years 2011 to 2022 in the Persian scientific research journals ”Iran Occupational Health”, “Occupational Health and Safety”, “Occupational Health Engineering”, ”Iranian Journal of Ergonomics”, “Occupational Medicine” and “Occupational Health and Health Promotion” were gathered using census method from the websites of the journals. In total, 595 published articles were categorized according to the thematic codes determined by the opinion of experts, the theme of “risk analysis, assessment, and risk management” had the highest percentage of frequency (18.66 percent), while the theme of “safety application in other industries or specific workplaces” had the lowest frequency of percentage (0.34 percent). Approximately 50 percent of the variance of the published studies explained the themes of “risk analysis, risk assessment, and management”, “inspection, analysis and modeling of accidents”, “human error and safety”, “social, organizational factors, culture, safety climate, and behavior-based safety”.
Conclusion: The existing trends emphasize the importance of learning lessons from accidents as a reactive approach and risk management, human factors, and behavioral aspects in safety interventions as a preventive approach. The research development of the country’s safety at the workplace should be further improved with new policies in different fields while taking advantage of international scientific advances on the specific functions and challenges of the country and with a problem-oriented approach.

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Introduction: For years, chemical process industries have reported the unexpected release of highly hazardous liquids and gases. A disaster could not be avoided when these materials were not adequately controlled. The issue of Process Safety Management (PSM) is still being discussed in developing and developed countries. PSM was established to manage the risks of a company’s personnel, properties, products, environment, and credit risks. This study aimed to review the challenges and achievements of PSM implementation and provide recommendations for improvement.
Material and Methods: A collection of scholarly articles published from 2000 to 2023, such as Science Direct, WOS, PubMed, and Scopus, was chosen through a systematic, meticulous review. After thoroughly examining these abstracts, titles, and complete contexts, 49 articles were finally selected for inclusion in the study and classified based on different criteria, such as publication year, authors, achievements, and challenges.
Results: PSM in the United States has been chiefly studied due to the high number of chemical process industries and its presence in the form of OSHA legislation in this country. The areas of operations, audits, and resources have the most challenges in implementing PSM. On the other hand, reducing the severity of incidents in chemical processes and increasing productivity are considered the most significant achievements of PSM implementation.
Conclusion: PSM as an interdisciplinary field has improved  and become more effective over the years.. However, incidents still exist, and the number can increase, considering the growth of industries’ chemical processes. Therefore, a deep look at the issues of risk-based regulations, competency, operational excellence, and learning from incidents is necessary to achieve excellence in PSM.

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Introduction: Given the importance of the employment status of graduates for countries, the current study aims to investigate the employment status of occupational health and safety engineering (OHS) graduates from Kashan University of Medical Sciences (KAUMS), from the establishment of the field in 1996 up until 2023
Material and Methods: The cross-sectional study examined the employment status of OHS graduates of KAUMS using a researcher-developed Google form questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, five questions for unemployed individuals, and 60 questions for employed individuals. Finally, descriptive and analytical analyses of the study were performed using SPSS v16 software. 
Results: A total of 229 graduates participated in this study. The results regarding the frequency of employed and unemployed participants showed that 198 (86.5%) participants were employed, and 31 (13.5%) were unemployed at the time of the study. Most employed participants (46%, or 90 individuals) work in the industry and mining sector. Evaluating the effectiveness of the educational course of employed participants in relation to their jobs revealed that 88 participants (44.4%) believe that the subjects taught in the courses are moderately compatible with work needs. 
Conclusion: With the advancement of industries and the expansion of production, the need to control harmful factors and improve workers’ health is more evident than ever before, making it likely that graduates of this field will have favorable job prospects in the future. On the other hand, the academic conditions should be improved, particularly regarding the quality of the educational and curriculum programs of KAUMS. 
 

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Introduction: The safety harness is a critical device for preventing falls from height, particularly in the construction industry. This study aimed to identify the factors contributing to the non-use of safety harnesses during work at height and to evaluate the comfort, satisfaction, and usability of these harnesses among construction workers in Tehran using a custom-designed tool.
Material and Methods: A semi-structured interview was conducted with construction workers to identify the factors influencing the non-use of safety harnesses. The collected data were analyzed using MAXQDA 10 software. Based on the results, which revealed dissatisfaction with the current safety harnesses, the levels of comfort, satisfaction, and usability were assessed using the Safety Harness Usability and Comfort Assessment Tool (SHUCAT) questionnaire.
Results: The reasons for not using safety harnesses were categorized into four main groups: management factors, worker attitudes, comfort, and harness design. These were further subdivided into 27 subgroups. The average satisfaction and comfort scores for safety harnesses were 26.8 ± 6.25, indicating that workers generally felt uncomfortable and dissatisfied with their harnesses. The average usability score was 38.70 ± 5.60, reflecting poor usability of the harnesses.
Conclusion: Improving the safety harness design could enhance workers’ comfort and satisfaction, increasing their willingness to use the equipment. Incorporating feedback from users and experts into the design process can help address the identified shortcomings and result in better product development.

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Introduction: Barriers play a critical role in mitigating risks and preventing catastrophic incidents in process industries. Human and Organizational Factors (HOFs) significantly influence the performance of safety barriers. This systematic review investigates existing frameworks and methods for assessing the impact of HOFs on safety barrier performance.
Material and Methods: A systematic search was conducted across the Scopus and Web of Science databases, following the PRISMA guidelines. The search aimed to identify studies presenting methodologies for evaluating the influence of HOFs on safety barrier performance in process industries. Data were subsequently extracted from the 16 included studies.
Results: The 16 studies included in this research presented various methods and frameworks examining the impact of HOFs on different types of safety barriers, including technical, operational, and human barriers, across industries such as oil and gas, chemical, and steel. Barrier and Operational Risk Analysis (BORA) emerged as the predominant framework among the studies. Research on operational and human barriers, which depend on human actions and procedures, frequently identified factors such as competence, training, communication, and supervision as key influencers of performance. In contrast, studies on technical barriers highlighted the importance of assessing factors such as maintenance management and procedural compliance.
Conclusion: This research highlights the critical role of HOFs in safety barrier performance within process industries. By systematically reviewing existing methodologies, the study identified their strengths and weaknesses. Findings underscore the need to account for uncertainties in expert judgments and the interplay between HOFs in evaluation models. The integration of fuzzy logic and Bayesian networks is proposed to enhance evaluation processes. Future research should prioritize the development of unified frameworks that address the limitations of current approaches while expanding their applicability across diverse industries. 
 

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Introduction: The Total Quality Safety Management (TQSM) model is a tool used to assess the performance of occupational health and safety (OHS) management. This study evaluated the OHS management performance in two edible oil production factories using the TQSM model.
Material and Methods: A total of 78 OHS-related evaluation criteria across four main areas of the TQSM model were assessed at the Saboos Mazand (Factory 1) and Mino Caspian (Factory 2) factories, located in Mazandaran Province, Iran. The four areas included Total Quality Management (TQM), the ISO 9001 Quality Management System guidelines, the Voluntary Protection Program (VPP), and Process Safety Management (PSM). The study population consisted of 20 individuals from each factory, including managers, supervisors, and members of the OHS Committee, all with at least one year of experience in their respective roles. Participants were selected using a convenience sampling method.
Both factories had established active management systems for quality management (ISO 9001), customer satisfaction management (ISO 10002), and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) at the time of the study, reflecting the nature of the industry.
Results: The total scores achieved by Factory 1 and Factory 2 across the four main areas were as follows: 52.11 and 51.8 in the TQM area, 43.94 and 45.5 in the QMS-ISO 9001 area, 45.23 and 46.45 in the VPP area, and 30.22 and 30.06 in the PSM area. The overall scores obtained in the TQSM model were 171.51 for Factory 1 and 173.81 for Factory 2, corresponding to 54.97% and 55.7% of the maximum achievable score, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the mean scores across the four areas of the TQSM model for the two factories (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Both factories exhibited an overall average performance level in OHS management. The evaluation criteria across the four areas of the TQSM model indicated weak to moderate conditions in the assessed subareas. Effectively using this model highlighted the organizational and operational areas requiring increased effort and focus to enhance OHS management performance in both factories.

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Introduction: Using leading indicators to determine organizations’ ability and willingness to learn from safety-related events can significantly enhance occupational health and safety management systems and help prevent future incidents.
Material and Methods: This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the propensity to learn from experiences related to safety events questionnaire, among 352 operators and managers (92% response rate), using quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess face and content validity, construct validity, and reliability coefficients.
Results: Out of 49 items in the questionnaires, 48 demonstrated acceptable levels of face and content validity, with content validity indices ranging from 0.80 to 1. Reliability scores assessed through internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and intraclass correlation coefficients were reported as 0.80 and 0.95 for the operators’ questionnaire and 0.95 and 0.92 for the managers’ questionnaire, all deemed acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that both measurement models for operators and managers, comprising 12 dimensions each, exhibited strong construct validity. Notably, the operators’ measurement model, supported by a larger sample size of 271 compared to 81 for managers, yielded superior results in terms of parsimonious and adaptive fit indices.
Conclusion: The Persian version of learning from experiences related to safety events questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for identifying learning weaknesses at both individual and organizational levels and can be utilized as a leading indicator to enhance safety culture and event’s learning processes.

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Introduction: Safety in healthcare facilities is critically important for the health and well-being of employees, patients, and organizational effectiveness. In recent years, various studies have examined the relationship between leadership styles or approaches and safety performance as one of the indicators of safety promotion. The present systematic review examines the relationship between different leadership styles and the safety performance of employees in healthcare facilities to provide a better understanding of the positive or negative effects of leadership on safety and to suggest strategies for improving safety performance in healthcare facilities. 
Material and Methods: A search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) databases. Keywords related to leadership, safety performance, and healthcare employees were used. Studies published up to the end of 2024 were identified and reviewed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.
Results: Nineteen relevant papers were selected and included in the study. During the review of studies, eleven leadership styles or approaches were identified in relation to safety performance in various healthcare facilities. These included transformational leadership, leader-member exchange leadership, leader safety priority communication and feedback, ethical leadership, empowering leadership, inconsistent and destructive leadership, transactional leadership, task-oriented leadership, authentic leadership, safety leadership, and servant leadership. All leadership styles except for inconsistent and destructive leadership had a direct or indirect positive effect on safety performance. Also, the largest number of studies (n=4) focused on transformational leadership style and leader-member exchange leadership.   
Conclusion: The selection of appropriate leadership styles can contribute to enhanced safety, a reduction in occupational incidents, and improving service quality in healthcare settings. The findings of this study highlight the importance of developing effective leadership styles and strengthening appropriate managerial approaches to improve safety in healthcare facilities. 

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Introduction: Fire risk assessment in oil storage tanks faces challenges due to incomplete, conflicting, and uncertain data, particularly when empirical evidence is limited. Traditional point-based likelihood estimates often fail to capture expert doubt and epistemic uncertainty. This study aims to develop and evaluate a novel hybrid framework combining Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) and Bayesian Networks (BN) to improve the trustworthiness of fire risk prediction in such industrial settings.
Material and Methods: The proposed approach integrates DST to model expert uncertainty through interval probabilities (Bel–Pl) and BN to dynamically update causal relationships as new information appears. The study implements computational coding to enable DST calculations for five expert opinions across 243 scenarios, overcoming prior limitations in multi-expert modeling due to computational complexity.
Results: The hybrid DST-BN framework demonstrated superior ability to incorporate incomplete and conflicting expert data, reducing overconfidence linked to point estimates. Interval probabilities offered more trustworthy representations of epistemic uncertainty, while BN integration allowed traceable and adaptable causal modeling. The computational solution facilitated practical application of DST with multiple experts, enhancing the strength of the risk assessment.
Conclusion: This research provides an effective DST-BN hybrid methodology for assessing fire risk in fixed-roof oil tanks, improving accuracy and trustworthiness in complex industrial environments. By addressing the shortcomings of point-based methods and enabling multi-expert participation, the framework supports clearer and more defensible probabilistic inferences. Future work may focus on integrating real-time sensor data and AI-based decision systems to further strengthen dynamic risk assessment capabilities.
 

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Introduction: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digitalization are pivotal in enhancing Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), reducing workplace accidents, improving conditions, and boosting organizational productivity. This study examines the impacts, challenges, and opportunities of these technologies in workplace safety.  
Material and Methods: A narrative review was conducted via databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect) using keywords like “AI in occupational safety” (2013–January 2025). After screening 125 articles, 71 met the inclusion criteria (Persian or English publications). Qualitative content analysis identified key challenges and opportunities.  
Results: Artificial intelligence has been used in predicting incidents, monitoring, process optimization, and analyzing OHS challenges. By analyzing historical data and hazard patterns, AI enables proactive risk mitigation. Continuous learning in AI models enhances predictive accuracy and environmental adaptability. However, data quality issues persist; techniques such as transfer learning offer potential solutions. AI-driven automation reduces human error, yet challenges include ethical concerns and infrastructure gaps.
Conclusion: AI and digital technologies are transforming OHS through predictive analytics and real-time surveillance. To fully leverage these benefits, future efforts must focus on addressing data quality issues, establishing robust ethical frameworks, and developing advanced infrastructure. Further research is essential for the practical implementation of AI in a variety of work environments.

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Introduction: Occupational diseases and workplace accidents have significant financial impacts on industries, communities, and nations each year. Risk assessment is considered an effective tool for managing these issues; however, many organizations fail to implement it successfully. This study explores this challenge from the perspective of Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) officers.
Material and Methods: In this study, 30 Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with HSE officers. Inductive content analysis was used for analyzing interviews. After analyzing the interviews, the codes in the interviews were categorized. To ensure credibility and transferability, participant checking and consultations with experts in the field of risk assessment were conducted.
Results: After analyzing the interviews, seven main categories were identified, each comprising several sub-categories. The main categories included: Resources, Technical Knowledge, Legal and Regulatory Barriers, Cultural Issues, Absence of Risk-Based Thinking in the Organization, Individual Issues, and Lack of Interaction and Communication.
Conclusion: This study revealed that seven major barriers hinder the implementation of risk management systems and the execution of risk assessments in the industries of East Azerbaijan Province. These obstacles can directly affect the identification, analysis, and control of risks, ultimately reducing the effectiveness of occupational health and safety processes. Therefore, to conduct effective risk assessments and enhance safety levels in industrial environments, it is essential for policymakers, industry managers, and regulatory bodies to accurately identify and analyze these barriers and develop appropriate solutions to address them. Moreover, designing and implementing educational programs, restructuring management systems, and strengthening interactions between regulatory organizations and industries can contribute to improving risk assessment processes and safety management in this sector.

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Introduction: Workplace safety is a critical factor for organizational success and the protection of human capital. Safe behavior among employees is influenced by various psychological and organizational factors, including safety climate and safety motivation. Considering the importance of enhancing safety motivation and the lack of standardized indigenous tools in Iran, this study aimed to culturally adapt the Self-Determination Safety Motivation Scale (SDSM) and examine its mediating role in the relationship between safety climate and employees’ safe behavior at Kavir Steel Complex in Aran and Bidgol County.
Material and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 among 256 production line employees. Data were collected using the Safety Climate Questionnaire, the Safe Behavior Questionnaire, and the Persian-adapted SDSM. The adaptation process included forward–backward translation, content validity evaluation by experts, and confirmatory factor analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and structural equation modeling with SmartPLS version 4.
Results: The findings indicated that safety climate had a positive and significant effect on safe behavior (β = 0.608, p < 0.001), and safety motivation significantly mediated this relationship (β = 0.388, p < 0.001). It is noteworthy that the direct relationship between safety climate and safety motivation was significantly negative. The structural model explained approximately 42% of the variance in safety behavior (R² = 0.419), indicating satisfactory predictive power. Model fit indices (NFI = 0.91, SRMR = 0.06) demonstrated a satisfactory model fit. Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and construct reliability were all confirmed at acceptable levels.
Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of fostering a positive safety climate and strengthening employees’ intrinsic motivation in high-risk environments to reduce workplace accidents and promote organizational health. These findings can serve as a foundation for policy-making and training programs in the field of HSE.