Showing 2 results for Biological Sample
Somayeh Kamgou, Khosrou Abdi, Monire Khadem, Mahmoud Heidari, Omid Heravizadeh, Ali Daneyali, Seyed Jamaloddin Shahtaheri,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Introduction: Todays, exposure to heavy metals is happened by being produced in various environmental, industrial processes. The production of metals finally results in air pollution as well as contamination in the food chain. There are harmful effects of heavy metals such as cadmium on different organs. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and quantify cadmium in biological samples using DLLME SFOD method.
Materials and Methods: Optimization of the underlying variables played a key role in the process including sample PH, chelator, extractor and disperser solvents, ion concentration, time and rate of centrifugation and extraction time. It was done by employing central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology. In the process of optimization, after setting a certain pH, Specific salt concentration and ditizon added to form a complex between the metal and the chelator. A mixture of extraction and dispersant solvents added to the sample. The organic and aqueous phase separations when centrifugation and vortex carried out, the sample vial transferred to a cold ice bath and the organic solvent floated on the aqueous solvent .The organic portion containing the analyte was injected into the analyzer apparatus.
Results. The results showed that variables such as sample PH, complexing solvent, extraction solvent, centrifugation effect and extraction time play an important role in the extraction of cadmium metal ion from biological samples. The optimized method with a minimum detection limit (LOD) of 2 μg / l and a concentration factor (EF) of 50 and a relative recovery (RR) of 1.06.26 used to extract cadmium from urine samples.
Conclusion. According to the pre-test results and the optimization process, they showed that in the three factors of sample PH, salt concentration and extraction solvent volume that play a more effective role in cadmium extraction by DLLME-SFOD method.
Meghdad Kazemi, Vida Rezaei Hachesu, Rajabali Hokmabadi, Seyed Jamaleddin Shahtaheri,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract
Introduction: Perpetration of samples is one of the most important stages needed for trace residue analysis of biological specimens when human exposure assessment is required. The samples preparation process makes the analyte get more purified and enriched as well as more compatible to the analysis instrument systems. The present study has concentrated on a systematic review of different articles published regarding the sample preparation methodologies of human biological samples.
Material and Methods: In this systematic review, all articles related to the development of sample preparation for trace residue analysis of heavy metals in occupational biological samples published in English during 2009-2019, were considered. To meet the desired objective of the current study and facilitate the related articles on physiochemical sample preparation methods accessibility combined keywords of Mesh and non-Mesh, without any limitation in the type of studies, the Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus were considered to be searched. Noteworthy, in this study, only the articles related to the workers’ biological samples were reviewed.
Results: Based on the obtained results, after reviewing of the keywords trough websites, 2964 articles were identified. Then, the redundant papers were removed and59 articles were remained, based on their titles and abstracts,. After detailed review of selected articles, regarding the study criteria, 8 articles were selected for the final systematic review. Five articles out of 8, (62.5%) were allocated to the development of sample preparation for mercury in biological samples. It is worth mentioning that the majority of biological samples were regarded to the urine samples (75%) in the current study. Based on the obtained results, Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), applied in 37.5% of studies, was a popular method used in sample preparation.
Conclusion: The development of sample preparation approaches indicates a great promise for specified methods with low costs and less extraction time when separating different heavy metals from complex matrices. These sample preparation and preconcentration techniques ease the analyses processes and provide the quantitative recoveries, higher sensitivity, and lower detection limits.
