Background and Aim: Since utilization of different patterns to perform voluntary movements influence human function, the aim of this study was to compare the selected kinematic parameters of active males in voluntary and involuntary gait initiation.

Materials and Methods: In this quazi-experimental study 13 young male subjects with age (23.3±3.1) years, height (1.75±.13) m, weight (68.9±7) kg and body mass index (22.4±1.8) k/m2, performed initiation of gait in 6 trials included three voluntary and three involuntary. Kinematic parameters measured by motion analysis system. K-S test was used to ensure the normal distribution of data and dependent T- test to compare within group variable at P0.05 level.

Result: The results showed that use of perturbation that leads to the initiation of motion, increased distance (p: 0.00) and velocity (p: 0.00) and reduced the time of gait initiation (p: 0.00), swing time (p: 0.00), stance time (p: 0.00) and double support time (p: 0.00), increased the amount of hip (p: 0.00) and knee flexion (p: 0.00) and decreased the amount of ankle dorsiflexion (p: 0.00). In addition, the displacement of the center of mass in the medio-lateral and vertical directions was decreased (p=0.03) and increased (p=0.01) respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate significant changes in most of the spatio-temporal parameters of gait initiation as a result of using Perturbation that leads to the initiation of motion. The results of this study can be recommended to be used in the field of gait initiation studies as well as in clinical cases to diagnose the normal and abnormality.

Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the structure of passive resistive moment of elbow joint acting against movement and also to apply it in order to create a similar moment mechanism for rehabilitation and practical equipment to perform joint movements according to sports medicine and rehabilitation scopes and notifications.

Materials and Methods: Eight healthy men were recruited in order to establish the subjects group which had no history of neurological or musculo-skeletal pathology. Five cyclic passive elbow flexions were performed by a Cybex isokinetic dynamometer at 15 and 45 deg/s through 0 to 130 degree of range of motion. The experimental data was exported to the MATLAB software for analysis.

Results: Investigation of the structure of the components of the passive resistive moment showed that the most compatibility with passive resistive moment observed in the combined use of weight and pneumatic resistive moments.

Conclusion: Finally it was concluded that the possibility of reaching optimized movement, reduction of damage to the tissues and joints and also reduction of energy dissipation due to inertia were provided by the use of the function of natural resistive moment of the limbs in order to create a resistive mechanism for rehabilitation and practical equipment

Keywords: Elbow joint, Passive resistive moment, Rehabilitation equipment, Viscoelastic

Background and Aim: An suitable prosthesis may have contributed effectively to amputee’s ability to accomplish activities. According to the search field and empirical evidence Dynamic-Response feet and SACH feet are common prosthetic components used. Consequently, the purpose of the present review was to compare the biomechanical studies of running with SACH and Dynamic-Response according to main parameters in running analysis.

Materials and Methods: An  electronical  search  was  done  in  PubMed,  Ovid and  Science Direct without time limitation. The abstract and title of papers were reviewed based on selected Criteria. The quality of the papers was evaluated based on Downs and Black tool. Key words include “Amputee”, “Dynamic-Response”, “energy-storing”, “SACH”, and “Running” were selected for the search.

Results: Based on the search keywords, 722 articles were found. Regarding the selection criteria, 4 articles were chosen. Amount of biomechanical studies have been found is not  too enough to distinguish preference between SACH feet and Dynamic-Response feet.

Conclusion: The biomechanical preference among SACH feet and Dynamic-Response during running feet is not cleared. In addition, various dependent variables among studies has made harder a comprehensive conclusion. So further studies with similar topics, measurement tools and outcome measures are recommended.

Keywords: Transtibial amputee, SACH feet, Dynamic-Response feet, Biomechanical, Running

Background and Aim: Behavior of people in the face of disease and help seeking is very different.  Considering the high prevalence of urinary stress incontinence in female athletes, knowing their experiences of help seeking and identify of their needs,  can be used to plan treatment strategies based on the needs of female athletes with stress urinary incontinence and shifting them to receive health care and rehabilitation services. The purpose of this study is to understand experiences of this group of female athletes from help seeking.

Materials and Methods: This is a phenomenological study and sampling was purposeful and performed after identifying professional female athletes by oral questions. Data gathering was semi-structured deep interview. The results of 29 individual and one focus group interview were analyzed using Colaizzi method.

Results: According to the results of this study, the findings were categorized to 3 themes and 11 sub-themes. Themes are self-treatment, do not help seek and use of prevention strategies.

Conclusion: Female athletes with stress urinary incontinence do not have correct awareness of available treatment for prevention and rehabilitation care of this condition and consider this condition as a part of sport injuries due to professionalism and they have less incentive to seek its cause and treatment.

Key words: Stress urinary incontinence, Experience of help seeking, Female athlete