---

Background and aim: The aim of this review article is to study the effects of different positions & change of position on parameters of H- reflex.
Materials & Methods: changing position influence the excitability of motor neuron pools & can provide some evidence to resolve neurological and biomechanical problems as disk herniation & radiculopathies . One of the methods to assess these changes is H- reflex which described by German neurologist, Hoffman in 1918.It is a monosynaptic reflex with Ia fibers as afferent limb & α-motor neurons as efferent limb. To investigate the effects of changing positions on H reflex parameters, different databases, E-journals & thesis have been searched.
Result: Different positions & changing position influence different parameters of H-reflex .
Conclusion: Different H- reflex Parameters especially amplitude of H- reflex , show a wide range of varieties and this may explain that amplitude of H-reflex is not a reliable parameter.

---

 Background and Aim: The common mechanism for lateral ankle sprain is inversion, plantar flexion, or the combination of both, if untreated successfully can lead to chronic ankle instability. It seems that the foot position, while touching the ground, has an effective role to cause ankle sprain. Thus it is possible to prevent ankle sprain through limiting foot position. Therefore the aim of this research is to study the effect of plantar flexion and eversion on mediolateral ground reaction force while landing in individuals who suffering from functional ankle instability.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control research study 32 subjects (17 subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability (FAI) and 15 control subjects), aged from 18 to 35 years, were tested. All subjects in instability group were selected by the orthopedic physician, then the anterior drawer and talar tilt tests were  performed for diagnosis of functional ankle instability and other physical examinations. Control group were matched with instability group by age, weight, height, gender and body mass index. The subjects standing with single leg on a 40 cm high platform in 25 cm front of a force-plate while the test leg relaxed and non-weight bearing. The subject landed on the test leg on the center of the force-plate. The subjects landed according to four types of position: A: neutral position of ankle and lateral foot wedge, B: neutral position of ankle, C: positive heel and lateral foot wedge and D: positive heel. 

Results: Among control group, medial ground reaction force increased in the "C" position relative to "B" position (p=0.007) and "C" position relative to "D" position (p=0.018). In FAI group, lateral ground reaction force increased in "C" position relative to "B" position (p=0.001) and "C" position relative to "A" position (p=0.002). Also in FAI group medial ground reaction force decreased in "D" position relative to "A" position (p=0.014). 

Conclusion: According to the findings, applying lateral foot wedge, while the ankle is in plantar flexion, increases the mediolateral ground reaction forces. Based on the results, position of plantar flexion is more possibly effective than inversion in ankle sprain. According to the study, the lateral foot wedge in ankle plantar flexion position may be more effective than in neutral one to change mediolateral ground reaction forces. 

---

Background and Aim: Diabetes has world wide prevalence and it is estimated that up to ten years later, more than 300 million people would suffer from it. The disease has serious secondary complications. Physical activity can decrease the complications by altering the blood profiles. Patients with diabetes are unwilling to do physical exercise. Whole Body Vibration (WBV) might be a proper substitution for exercise. The effects of WBV on patients with diabetes have not been studied enough, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of WBV on the blood profiles in patients with diabetes type 2.

Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with diabetes were assigned using matched assignment either into control (n=10) or intervention (n=10) group. Intervention group received the WBV with frequency of 30 Hz and amplitude of 2.5 mm for six weeks twice a week. The control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Blood profiles were measured in both groups at the baseline and the end of the study.

Results: FBS and HbA1C decreased in intervention group in comparison with the control group but the differences were not statistically significant (P=0.44).  There were not significant statistical differences in Cholesterol, HDL, LDL and TG before and after the treatment between the two groups.

Conclusion: The application of WBV with the above parameters might reduce FBS and HbA1C in patients with diabetes type 2. Increase in the amount of Glucose Transporter protein 4 (GLUT-4) is one of the contributing factors that these changes can be ascribed to.