Background and Aim: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is responsible for physical and somatosensory function. It is expected that additional sensory information improves dynamic balance of ACL reconstruction patients. This study is aimed to determine the effect of sensory information on knee dynamic balance after ACL reconstruction in comparison with normal people.

Materials and Methods: The study was designed as a randomized clinical trial. Thirty two men (16 men with unilateral ACL reconstruction and 16 healthy men), assigned in three groups: ACLR, reconstructed knee ACLR, non-reconstructed knee and normal. All participants received tactile information during functional tests. Dynamic postural stability was assessed by two functional tests including: Star Excursion Balance test and Cross over Hop for distance. The functional tests scores were conducted both pre and post applying sensory information in ACLR and normal people.

Results: The data showed that tactile information improves functional performance of ACLR patients. There were significant difference in reconstructed knee’s SEBT scores in medial (p=0.005) and posteromedial (p=0.034) directions by adding touch information. Significant difference in dynamic balance by addition of touch sense, in COH scores of ACLR people and normal population was found.

Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that additional sensory information improves dynamic balance in ACLR patients. The positive effect of tactile information supports to apply additional sensory information as a new method for increasing dynamic balance.

Key words: Anterior cruciate ligament, Sensory information, Dynamic balance.

Background and Aim: Determination of intra ocular pressure is one of the most important ophthalmic dilemmas. This study compares pre and post photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) measures of intraocular pressure (IOP).

Materials and Methods: Simple myopic subjects were selected for this study from "Jomhuri" educational hospital in Erbil. All myopic PRK candidates were referred for IOP measurement. IOP was measured by noncontact tonometer (NCT) in all myopic cases pre and 3 months after PRK at the same diurnal time. Pachymetry was done for all participants.

Results: Two hundred and twelve participants were evaluated. The IOP was 15.12 ± 1.8 (mean ± SD) before surgery and 12.16 ± 1.9 after surgery (p<0.0001). The residual corneal depth was significantly determining the IOP result (p<0.0001).

Conclusion: Apparently, IOP significantly decreases after PRK however, some ocular diseases that are diagnosed according to the IOP may be missed. Therefore, specific concern should be considered for IOP measurement after refractive surgery.

Keywords : PRK, IOP. Refractive error, CCT

Background and Aim : Vision plays an important role in maintaining balance in the body so that the visual defects produce some disturbances in the body balance. In order to establish balance, the first afferent signals to the brain are provided through the visual system. Therefor, diagnosis and treatment of visual disturbances are so most effective and important. This paper reviews the importance of the visual system in body balance control and visual disorders which affecting on balance.

Materials and Methods : In this study, the articles from 1989 to 2012 with issues of vision and body balance were reviewed. The research with medical subject heading terms and key words of “vision” and “balance” in Pub-med, Science Direct, Scopus, Iran Doc, Scholar Google, Iran Medex, Magiran were done.

Conclusion: Correction of visual disorders and improving vision in patients with balance disorders can hasten the healing process.

Keywords: Vision, Balance, Visual Disorders

Background and Aim : Pay attention to high prevalence of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women athletes and role of changes in lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt and the type and number of delivery factors on the incidence of Urinary Stress Incontinence also lack of studies in this problem about risk factors (Predisposing factors) in Iranian population, this study was designed to investigate the relationship between changes in lumbar curvature and pelvic tilt with SUI and to determine the type and parity on the incidence of this problem .

Materials and Methods : In this cross - sectional study through easy and available sampling, 17 volleyball player with SUI and 15 healthy volleyball player, aged 20-40 years old. Females after interview and taking demographic information participated in the study. The Persian questionnaire of ICIQ-UISF (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form) used to confirm the SUI. A flexible ruler and inclinometer were used to measure lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt .

Results: A statistically significant difference was seen between the two groups in terms of the lumbar spine curvature (p< 0.001) and pelvic tilt (p = 0.02) respectively. Based on the findings, the number of delivery was no significant effect on the incidence of Stress Urinary Incontinence but there was significant relationship between type of delivery and SUI .

Conclusion: With significant difference in the lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt in athletic women with and without SUI, also advised to emphasize on the epidemiological and etiological investigation studies of lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt in patients with Stress Urinary Incontinence.

Key words: Stress urinary incontinence, Women athletes, Lumbo-pelvic posture

  Background and Aim: Social psychologists defines aggressive act a conscious behavior that its aim is creation physical or mental pain and suffering. Aggression is relatively permanent inclination to expressing behaviors along with ruff from a person in different position.

Materials and Methods: The research is done in frame a quasi-experimental design (pre-test and post-test) with two test and control groups with t reatment protocol (t3-t4: s tructures and complex communication networks that there are in under cortex or cortical that to it called limbic system or lateral and is responsible emotions and memory ), on 30 adolescents 13-15 years old with aggression disorder. Sampling method was accessible. Treatment has been implemented during 20 sessions, for 2 months and 3 sessions, in every week (30 minutes). For data collection is used of Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire that iranian reliability reported for the total scale (0/82) and validity (0/73).

Results: The results of analysis of covariance about anger show that calculated F (14/55) is greater from table F with significant 0/01. Thus with confidence 0/99 can be claimed that use of neurofeedback method is causing reduction “anger”. The results of analysis of covariance about physical aggression show that calculated F (36/5) is greater from table F with significant 0/01. Thus with confidence 0/99 can be claimed that use of neurofeedback method is causing reduction “physical aggression”. The results of analysis of covariance about verbal aggression show that calculated F (5/77) is greater from table F with significant 0/01. Thus with confidence 0/99 can be claimed that use of neurofeedback method is causing reduction “verbal aggression”. The results of analysis of covariance about hostility show that calculated F (36/5) is greater from table F with significant 0/01. Thus with confidence 0/99 can be claimed that use of neurofeedback method is causing reduction “hostility”.

Conclusion: The results are expression that intervention with protocol (t3-t4) is causing reduction aggression behaviors in adolescents.

Key words : Neurofeedback , Aggression, Adolescents , I ntervention , Education

Backgrouna and Aim : Children with cerebral palsy have often movement and postural disorders. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of new neoprene dynamic orthosis on balance in children with cerebral palsy.

Materials and Methods : This study is quazi experimental. Five children with cerebral palsy (spastic diplegia) with mean age of 9/6± 3.78 years old participated in this study. The degree of knee extension was measured using electrogoniometer. Center of Pressure(COP) displacement in anterior/posterior and medial/lateral planes and functional balance were also measured using kistler forceplate (BA, Kistler- Switzerland 9286) and berg test in two occasions, before and after wearing neoprene orthosis in a period of six weeks. Wilcoxon test was used for comparing data before and after 6 weeks.

Results : There was statistically significant difference in right knee extension before and after wearing orthosis (p<0/05). The result of this study show no statistically significant in COP parameters. However, functional balance of children with CP shows significant improvement using neoprene orthosis.

Conclusion : New neoprene orthosis can be effective in knee biomechanical alignment as well as functional balance

Keywords : Cerebral palsy, Lycra dynamic orthosis, Postural control

Background and Aim: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is common in sports competition and training. Following ACL rupture, neuromuscular system performance is disrupted. Perturbation training can improve the function of patients with ACL reconstruction. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of perturbation training on ground reaction force and functional status of these patients .

Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with ACL reconstruction were randomly assigned into intervention (mean age: 24/2 ±3/4 years) and control (mean age: 27/1 ± 2/5 years) groups. The intervention group performed ten sessions perturbation training with rocker board, wobble board and Bosu. Peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) and time to peak vertical GRF were recorded by KISTLER force plate during single leg landing from a 30cm height step. In addition, cross hop test also was evaluated as a functional test.

Results: Before perturbation training, both GRF and time to peak vertical GRF in reconstructed knee had not significant difference between two groups (P>0/05). In addition, functional test score had not significant difference between the groups (P=0/62). Following perturbation training, peak vertical GRF in reconstructed knee was greater than that in control groups (P<0/003).Although time to peak vertical GRF in reconstructed knee increased, there was not statistically significant difference between two groups (P=0/50). Furthermore, functional test score was statistically greater in intervention group (P=0/03).

Conclusion: This s tudy showed that perturbation training can improve functional status in patients with ACL reconstruction. In addition, force plate findings indicated that the patients tolerated more forces at longer time in single leg landing.

Key words: Perturbation training, Ground reaction force, ACL reconstruction, Function

Background and Aim : Investigating the relationship between sensory processing and behavior in 7 to 10 years old children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity

Objective: This study examined the association between behavioral problems and emotional status of children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity

Materials and Methods : In this descriptive-analytic study, 24 children with ADHD and 24 normal matched children in the age range of 7- 10 years old were participated. After completing a demographic questionnaire and consent informed Letter , The children's parents were asked to complete Sensory Profile Questionnaire (SP) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).

Results: Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16 software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test are used to assess compliance of each variable distribution with normally distributed variables. T-test were used to compare variables (CBCL and SP scores) in the 2 groups. T-test results show that the difference between the means of two groups in sensory seeking, emotional reactivity, and low endurance /muscle tone.

  Inattention / distractibility, poor sensory registration, fine movement/ perception and emotional reactivity are significant. The calculated t value is lower from the t-critical (1.96) and the probability error (CI 5%). But in variables such as the oral sensory sensitivity, sensory sensitivity and sedentary difference between the two groups’ averages is not significant.

 There are significant correlations between some of Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire variables and sensory profile in sensory seeking and emotional reactivity variable, low endurance / muscle tone variables, the variable inattention and distractibility, fine movements/ perception and sensory registration.

Conclusion : our study suggest that behavioral problems in the Child Behavior Checklist grows by increasing these problems in sensory profile questionnaire .

Key words : Sensory processing, Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, Behavioral problems.

Back ground and Aim: Feeding is the most essential behavior in infants for vitality, learning and interaction. Because of feeding importance in developmental process and its primary role in infant’s vitality, the study of dysphagia has an important role. Diagnosis, assessment and treatment of this disorder are primary professional action for speech therapists. Therefore, basic information about prevalence of such disorders can be effective in treatment planning. In this study, the number of infants with oral feeding disorders is determined in NICU .

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-sectional study, all infants that were in NICU at Tehran University of medical sciences hospitals were evaluated in three first months of 1390 year through information from medical history, interview and observation. The data were analyzed with SPSS 16.

Results: Data analyzing of this study showed that 45 infants (27.10%) from 166 cases in NICU had oral feeding disorders. The incidence in male is more than female (91.11% versus 8.88%). Twenty two of cases feed normally, 18 cases feeding with NGT and 5 cases with OGT. The rate of difficulty in oral phase and esophageal phase were 88.88% and 2.22% respectively. No infants have difficulty in Pharyngeal phase.

Conclusion: Feeding disorder assessment by speech therapist provides essential information about feeding intervention and so early diagnosis can prevent later speech problems. Therefore, the role of a speech therapist in NICU is important.

Keywords: Incidence, Oral feeding disorders, Infants, NICU

Background and Aim: Idiopathic scoliosis is a common orthopaedic condition affecting 1.5% to 3% of the adolescents. Conservative treatments for idiopathic scoliosis involve bracing, exercise therapy, electrical stimulation and chiropractic treatment. Bracing in association with exercise is a well known method in the treatment of scoliosis. In spite of the disagreement among researchers, no study has assessed the effect of Blount &Moe exercises accompanied with a milwaukee brace on the kyphotic and scoliotic cobb angle at the beginning of weaning phase up to now. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of Blount &Moe exercises on improvement of kyphotic and scoliotic cobb angle at the beginning of weaning phase.

Materials and Methods: The patients were evaluated in terms of the quantity and quality of performing the exercises. Mean Cobb angle was compared  before bracing and at the beginning of weaning phase.

Results: Kyphotic and scolioitic cobb angle were reduced after using the milwaukee brace(p> 0.05), but no significant difference was found among all groups for the kyphotic and scoliotic cobb angle.

Conclusion: Miwaukee brace reduces kyphotic and scoliotic cobb angle, but the quantity and quality of exercise doing before weaning phase does not affect this parameter.

Key words:Kyphoscoliosis,Milwaukee brace, Exercise, Cobb angle

Background and Aim: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most common overuse injury occurring at the knee. Reduction of proprioception, pain, changes in muscle activity patterns are seen in PFPS. Therefore these patients may demonstrate less balance. Thus the main objective of this study was to determine the postural control in patients with patellofemoral syndrome and compare it with healthy subjects.

Materials and Methods: Ten subjects (age 31.1 ± 5.31, weight 59.6 ± 8.95, height 1.62 ± 0.05) presenting with PFPS were compared with 10 matched control subjects (age 27.2 ± 1.81, weight 60.6 ± 2.36, height 1.67 ± 0.01).

Pain was measured with VAS scale and patella position was assessed using the method first described by McConnell. Force Plate was used to measures COP paths in sagittal and frontal plane with open and close eyes.

Results: The data showed that COP paths were different between PFPS and healthy subjects with open eyes in sagittal and frontal plane (P< 0.05). Means of COP paths increase in patients with PFPS. No differences were detected between PFPS and healthy subjects with closed eyes in sagittal and frontal plane.

Conclusion: Body sways increase in patients with PFPS with open eyes due to pain, lateral tracking patella and reduction of proprioception in knee.

Keyword:  Postural control, Patellofemoral syndrome, Open & close eye

Background and Aim: Reliability or unreliability of the results achieved from recording of surface electromyography of muscles has always been questioned. The aim of present study was to  measure the reliability of the delayed reaction time of muscle electromyography of the knee joints on the exposure of unexpected rotary turbulence in the transverse plane from the area of supporting surface.

Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy women from 19 to 30 years old and free from any clear deformities in the lower extremities were participated in the present study. Surface electromyography of the six knee musculature was carried out for every subject separately in 4 situations including: External Rotation (Ext Rot) from plantar area on the transverse plane with bent and straight knee, Internal Rotation (Int. Rot) with the same conditions, Single Leg Stance situation in 4 stages, and repeatability of Intra Session through intra-class correlation coefficients when the muscles are in action on the exposure of turbulence in four applied forms were analyzed.

Result: The results from 24 analyzed forms showed that 18 forms of muscles at the time of action had moderate to high repeatability (Monroe Classification)

Conclusion: Regarding reliability, the muscles indicated different amounts in onset latency time, on the exposure of rotary turbulence, according to joint angle and the direction of applying rotation on the transverse plane. In respect to direction of rotation, most of the muscles indicated more reliability on the exposure of external rotation turbulence (clockwise) in relation to internal rotation (anti-clockwise) and also regarding the joint angle in turbulences with straight knee in relation to turbulences with bent knee. 

Keyword: Knee muscles, Surface electromyography, Reliability, Rotational turbulence

Background and Aim: Proprioception is a component of somatosensory system. One of the most important somatosensory receptors is muscle spindles. Neck area with high density of muscle spindle, plays a significant role in providing this sense. With repeated contact sports, with high trauma on head and neck region, it is likely that proprioception will be impaired. The present study was conducted to compare proprioception between wrestlers, taekwondo players and non-athlete subjects to determine the effect of trauma on proprioception of craniocervical region.

Material and Methods: This study was a case-control study of 75 male with the age range of 18-30 years (Including: 25 professional wrestlers, 25 professional taekwondo players and 25 non-athlete subjects). Participants were selected through simple non-probability sampling. To assess proprioception of craniocervical region, angular repositioning of two positions (neutral and 50% of range of motion) was evaluated by using the cervical range of motion device (CROM device). The statistical method which used in this study was one way ANOVA.

Results: Accuracy of target repositioning (50% of range of motion) of extension, right and left rotation were significantly different between three groups (p<0.05). Returning to neutral position from mentioned movement was associated with a significant error (p<0.05).

Conclusion: It is assumed that proprioception of craniocervical region has been affected by trauma in wrestlers and taekwondo players, so that the accuracy of head repositioning for both neutral and target positions were reduced in wrestlers. However, taekwondo players had more errors in repositioning of target angle.

Keywords: Proprioception, Repositioning error, Craniocervical, Wrestlers, Taekwondo players

Background and Aim: Osteoarthrosis is a common condition in the cervical region due to the high mobility of this region. Despite the clinical popularity of traction that is often prescribed for patients with neck pain, there is no agreement on the effectiveness of traction. Due to the high controversy and the lack of experimental documents in the efficiency of the pneumatic traction device in reducing symptoms of neck pain, present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the pneumatic traction device in reducing pain and amount of drug use, and improving disability level in patients with neck osteoarthrosis compared to the control group.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients with neck pain aroused by osteoarthrosis were randomly assigned into two groups of control or experimental. The control group received hot pack, TENS, US, exercise therapy and ergonomic training as their usual physical therapy care. Patients in the experimental group also benefited from the sustained traction via the pneumatic traction device too. All participants were treated for 10 sessions. Pain (NPRS), the level of disability (NDI), the number of sedative drugs and NSAIDs were evaluated in the beginning of the first session and at the end of the last session.

Results: A significant decrease in the levels of the pain and disability in both groups were found (P<0.05). The decrease of pain and disability in the experimental group was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control group. There was no significant difference in terms of the sedatives and NSAIDs within and between the groups at the end of the last session (P>0.05).

Conclusion: Although physical therapy and ergonomic trainings may lead to a significant improvement in neck pain and related disability in the osteoarthrosis patients, the use of pneumatic traction device can increase the rate of improvement.

Key words: Spondylosis, Neck pain, Traction, Air neck traction device

Background and Aim: Several studies have investigated the effects of angular velocity on mechanical and physiological variables such as joint net torque, muscle force and myoelectrical activity, but so far its effects on the control of the pattern of synergist muscle activation during isokinetic movements have not been studied. In this experiment, a computational method of identifying and analyzing muscle synergies were used which is based on the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis to determine the variability of muscle synergies following movement velocity alteration.

Materials and Methods: Twelve healthy females without any known neurological or motor disorders participated in the experiment. The participants were positioned on a Biodex dynamometer. They were asked to perform ten continuous knee extension and flexion motions with maximal strength at 45˚/s or 300˚/s. Electromyographic activity of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) were recorded and variance within the UCM (VUCM) and orthogonal to the UCM (VORT) with respect to an appropriate Jacobian matrix was computed. An independent t-test was used to compare VUCM between two velocities.

Results: Across subjects, VUCM was significantly higher than VORT (VUCM>VORT) in both tasks. There was no significant difference in VUCM between two velocities (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that angular velocity is not an important parameter when a controller of a multi-element system wants to stabilize a particular value of a performance variable.

Keywords: Variability, Angular velocity, Muscle synergie, Externsor muscle.

Background and Aim: Behavior of people in the face of disease and help seeking is very different.  Considering the high prevalence of urinary stress incontinence in female athletes, knowing their experiences of help seeking and identify of their needs,  can be used to plan treatment strategies based on the needs of female athletes with stress urinary incontinence and shifting them to receive health care and rehabilitation services. The purpose of this study is to understand experiences of this group of female athletes from help seeking.

Materials and Methods: This is a phenomenological study and sampling was purposeful and performed after identifying professional female athletes by oral questions. Data gathering was semi-structured deep interview. The results of 29 individual and one focus group interview were analyzed using Colaizzi method.

Results: According to the results of this study, the findings were categorized to 3 themes and 11 sub-themes. Themes are self-treatment, do not help seek and use of prevention strategies.

Conclusion: Female athletes with stress urinary incontinence do not have correct awareness of available treatment for prevention and rehabilitation care of this condition and consider this condition as a part of sport injuries due to professionalism and they have less incentive to seek its cause and treatment.

Key words: Stress urinary incontinence, Experience of help seeking, Female athlete

Background and Aim:  The aim of this study was to determine the short-term and long-term effects of one protocol of physiotherapy on reduction of pain, improve active lumbar range of motion and disability in the patients with chronic lumbar radicular pain.

Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients with lumbar radiculopathy were included in this study. Physical therapy included electrical nerve stimulation at sensory level, superficial heat and therapeutic exercise for patients. Pain intensity of lumbar and affected lower extremity, active lumbar range of motion and disability were considered as variables in this study. The evaluation was performed 6 months after the end of therapy sessions. The repeated measure of ANOVA was used to assess the effect of physiotherapy and pair t-test was used to assess the follow-up.

Result: Statistically significant differences were found in lumbar pain, affected lower extremity, active lumbar flexion, right and left lateral flexion and disability after treatment (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in lumbar pain, affected lower extremity , active lumbar right and left lateral flexion in the last session of treatment and 6 month later (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Physiotherapy is an effective treatment in order to reduce pain and improve active lumbar range of motion in patients with lumbar radicular pain.

Keywords:  Physiotherapy, Radicular pain, Range of motion, Disability

Background and Aim: This study was conducted dueto the limited results of past studies in relation to postural control in children with developmental coordination disorders and the importance of postural control with the ability to integrate the vestibular, visual and somatosensory inputs. In this study the postural control of the children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and their normal peers was compared under the reduced or the conflicted sensory input conditions.

Materials and Methods: Twenty two children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (16 males, 6 females with mean age of 7 years old and 9 months, SD 1 year and 5 months) and 19 children with normal motor development (13 males, 6 females, with mean age of 6 years and 11 months, SD 1 year and 1 month) were evaluated. Standing balance, sensory organization and motor control strategy were evaluated using the sensory organization test (SOT).

Result: The results showed that the children with DCD had poorer function than the normal children in the composite equilibrium (p&le; 0.001), visual ratios (p=0.005) and vestibular ration (p=0.002). There were no meaningful differences between groups in their average somatosensory ratio. Additionally, children with Developmental Coordination Disorder had lower motor strategy scores than the normal children when they were forced to depend on vestibular cues alone (p < 0.05). The children with Developmental Coordination Disorder had deficits in standing balance control in conditions that included reduced or conflicting sensory signals. The visual and vestibular systems tended to be more involved in contributing to the balance deficits than the somatosensory system. Moreover, children with Developmental Coordination Disorder were tended to use hip strategy excessively when forced to rely primarily on vestibular signals to maintain postural stability.

Conclusion: In order to improve the postural control in the patients, the rehabilitation protocols should focus on the sensory-motor deficits.

Keywords: Postural control, Postural stability, Developmental Coordination Disorder

Background and Aim: Whole body vibration (WBV) is a new therapeutic modality which improves muscle function, proprioception and postural control by creating an oscillatory mechanical stimulation. The aim of this research was to investigate the immediate effect of WBV on postural control in young adults.

Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 22 healthy subjects were participated as a single group. Non-probability simple sampling method was used. Subjects were treated with 4 minutes WBV bout. The subjects repeated four times a 60-s light exercise program according to instructions which was shown by the therapist. During the vibration intervention, the vibration frequency increased in 1 minute intervals from 15 Hz for the first minute to 30 Hz for the last minute. Postural control indexes were recorded using the Biodex Balance system in situations of two leg standing with open and close eyes that included overall stability index (OSI), anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), medial-lateral stability index (MLSI) . In order to analyze the data, paired t-test was used.

Results: The results indicated that in the case of standing on two legs with eyes open, OSI and MLSI were statistically significant (P = 0.02; P = 0.01, respectively) and with eyes closed, OSI, APSI and MLSI were statistically significant (P = 0.000; P = 0.001; P = 0. 001, respectively).

Conclusion: Four minutes WBV bout can induce improvement of postural control and balance in young adults.

Keywords: Whole body vibration, Balance, Young adults, Stability

Background and Aim: Forward Head Posture (FHP) is one of the most common postural disorders which related to current life style. This disorder may cause some changes in motor control of cervical muscles.

Materials and Methods: Eight subjects with Forward Head Posture and 8 matched healthy subjects wereParticipated. The kinematic and electromyographic activity of each subject was analyzed and the flexion- Relaxation phenomenon was determined.

Results: The results showed that the cessation of flexion-relaxation phenomenon was different between two groups (P<0.05). The result of Pearson correlation showed a significant positive correlation between Cranio-vertebral angle and cessation of the phenomenon (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The flexion- relaxation phenomenon was different in Forward Head Posture related to the healthy subjects and the concentric contraction was started with delay in the Forward Head Posture subjects. Therefore, the motor control and balance disorder may be seen in these subjects.

Keywords: Forward Head Posture, Flexion- Relaxation, Electromyography, Kinematic