Background and Aim: Theory of mind as a cognitive component is the foundation of our ability to explain or predict the behavior of ourselves and others which is done through the attribution of mental status. This ability damaged in deaf children and its development is fast in girls. The aim of this study was to study theory of mind in 5-6 years cochlear implant children and its relation with gender and age of cochlear implant (CI).

Materials and Methods:  This study is descriptive and cross-sectional. Eighteen Farsi speaking children CI children and 18 normal development children aged 5-6 were participated in this study. The normal children were selected from living area of CI children. They were selected through available and easy sampling method. These children had no sensory or speech disorders. The basic theory of mind was tested in these children.

Results: Theory of mind was significantly different in both groups (p = 0.00). The comparison between girls and boys did not show significant difference in normal (p= 0.321) and CI children (p =0.231). There was no significant relationship between the age at CI and theory of mind scores (p=0.100).

Conclusion: Hearing impairment has influence on basic theory development in CI children. Age of implantation and gender had no effect on development of theory of mind.

Keywords: Theory of mind, Cochlear implant, Farsi language.

Background and Aim: The concept of locus of control refers to the degree in which a person perceives daily occurrences to be a consequence of his or her own behavior. Some people accept responsibility of their own continued well-being and maintained improvement, but the others, particularly those who do not accept this responsibility, may be at risk of relapse. It recommends a kind of measurement in order to identify such persons so that further steps can be taken to inhibit the relapse before occurs. One of this measurement is Locus of Control of Behavior. The purpose of the present study is to translate the Locus of Control of Behavior (LCB) into Persian and investigation of validity and reliability of the scale.

Materials and Methods: In this research, 35 adults with stuttering and 35 non-stuttering were evaluated. After the translation of the test according to Protocol IQOLA and its equalization to Persian Language, content validity and face validity of it were determined by the opinions of experts. Then, for concurrent validity determination 35 adults with stuttering were examined by LCB and Rotters locus of control .In order to test reliability, test –retest and Cronbach,s alpha were used.

Results: Entirely relevant items had simple translation. The translation items had content and face validity. Correlation between the marks of LCB and Rotters locus of control was (p=0.000, r= %53). LCB has high Test-retest (p=0.000, ICC= %87) and internal reliability (p=0.000, α=%85).

Conclusion: The present research showed that the Persian version of the LCB is a reliable and valid tool for locus of control from the perspective of a person who is stutter.

Key Words: Stuttering, Reliability, Validity, Locus of Control of Behavior

Background and Aim: There are various questionnaires to assess public attitudes towards various human traits but few standard tools to evaluate public attitudes about stuttering. The purpose of the present study was to translate the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes -Stuttering (POSHA-S) into Persian and investigation of psychometric properties of the scale.

Materials and Methods: Thirty adults without stuttering (8 men and 22 women) who have mean age of 24.9 participated in this developmental test study. After taking permission from test design, the translation of the test according to Protocol IQOLA and its equalization to Persian Language, face validity of it were determined by the opinions of participants. Then, Test-retest reliability of the scale was carried out by two methods; Pearson correlation coefficient and determination of point-to-point agreement.

Results: Entirely relevant items had simple translation. The translation items had face validity. The results showed that there was a high correlation between two completions in the whole questionnaire (p=0.000, r=0.70).

Conclusion: The present research showed that the Persian version of the "Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes –Stuttering" is a reliable and valid tool. Therefore, the Persian version of this test can be used as a valid and reliable scale to assess community attitudes towards stuttering

Key Words: Stuttering, Reliability, Validity

Background and Aim: Rotator cuff tendon rupture is the most frequent cause of shoulder pain and disability, especially in middle and old age. Physiotherapy is known as non-surgical or conservative treatment for it. The goal of this research was to investigate the effect of physiotherapy treatment in full-thickness tear of Supraspinatus tendon on shoulder pain and shoulder active range of motion.

Materials and Methods: In this before and after clinical trial, 17 patients (5 men and 12 women) with average age of 54.35±7.13 years old whom had full-thickness tear of Supraspinatus tendon were treated within 30 physiotherapy clinical sessions. The physiotherapy protocol for patients was included of heat, ultrasound and electrical stimulations modules and exercise therapy program was consisted of three components of stretching, strengthening and endurance. Patients in the first, twentieth and at the end of the thirtieth session were evaluated for pain and range of motion. Pain variable by visual analogue scale and range of motion variable by goniometer were evaluated.

Results: Within subjects ANOVA (parametric) and Friedman (nonparametric) tests showed a significant difference in pain and range of motion between before and after physiotherapy (P <0.01).

Conclusions: This study showed that physiotherapy may reduce pain and improve range of motion of shoulder in surgery candidate patients with full-thickness tear of Supraspinatus tendon and decrease client needs to surgery. However, studies with longer follow-up are recommended to evaluate this outcome.

Keywords: Supraspinatus tendon tears, Physiotherapy, Pain, Range of motion, Visual analogue scale, Goniometer

Background and Aim: Proverb comprehension can be used to assess cognitive function. Since tests of proverb comprehension impressed by language and culture, designing proverb comprehension test in Persian is necessary in order to evaluate cognitive and executive function. The purpose of the present study was to design a proverb comprehension test and to determine its validity and reliability.

Material and Methods: The present, Proverb Comprehension Test includes two subscales of out context and in context. The statistical population of the study were students of elementary and high schools in 1393-1394. The sample included 234 student with age range 10 to 18 years old that selected by Convenience Sampling scheme. Two halves method and Cronbach's alpha test were used in order to evaluate internal consistency. Discriminative validity was achieved from comparing average scores of age groups. For investigation of concurrent validity, Pearson test was used between results of proverb comprehension test and verbal fluency test.

Results: Subscales of out context  Proverb Comprehension Test with verbal fluency test had positive significant relationship. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of subscales of out context, in context and the total test was respectively 0.76, 0.72 and 0.88 and the reliability coefficient of two halves method was 0.82. Comparing between groups indicated the discriminative validity of the test.

Conclusion: Proverb Comprehension Test is a valid and reliable test for measuring executive and verbal functions.

Keywords: Proverb Comprehension, Reliability, Verbal fluency, Validity

Background and Aim: The purpose of the present research is to investigate the relationship between syntactic complexity (in terms of sentence and clause structure) on the stuttering occurrence in pre-school Persian speaking children who stutter (CWS).

Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out on 15 monolingual CWS (12 boys and 3 girls) ranging in age from 4 to 6 years old in Mashhad. The convenience sampling method was used to collect data. The 30 minute spontaneous speech samples were recorded in a quiet room in speech therapy clinic while the child was speaking with the speech therapist or the parent (mother or father). The 60 numbers of the utterances produced by CWS were transcribed and then a paired T-test was used to analyze the data.

Results: The results showed significant differences between fluent and non-fluent utterances in terms of syntactic complexity of sentence and clause structure. The results indicated that at clausal level, by increasing the verb arguments in both the main and subordinate clauses, the stuttering occurrence was significantly increased (P<0.01). Moreover, the stuttering occurrence was higher among the compound sentences compared to the simple ones (P<0.01).

Conclusion: The research findings denoted that there was a meaningful relationship between the syntactic complexity based on sentence and clause structure and the stuttering occurrence in Persian CWS.

Keywords: Syntactic complexity, Sentence, Clause, Verb argument, Stuttering