Background and Aim: Depression is one of the most important threats to psychological well-being of individuals in the 21^st century. Individuals experiencing depression will have unpleasant feelings of sadness and discouragement. This feeling stops individuals, especially students, to have the ability of experiencing fun and joyfulness in life. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of short-term resistance exercises on occupational performance areas and depression severity in students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

Materials and Methods: Convenience sampling was used in this study. Participants included 40 freshmen of medical sciences in experimental group and a matching group as control group (40 participants). The Beck Depression Inventory (second edition) and Canadian Occupational Performance Measurement were tested before and after implementing the designed protocols. Participants in experimental group performed resistance exercises 3 days a week, each session last 90 minutes over an 8-weeks period. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis.

Results: The paired t test expressed that there are significant differences in performance (P<.001), satisfaction (P<.001) and depression (P<.001) regarding experimental group before and after intervention of the study. The independent t test suggests significant differences in performance (P<.001), satisfaction (P<.001) and depression (P<.001) among both groups after implementing exercise program.

Conclusion: Short-term resistance exercises can effectively reduce depression severity and improve performance and satisfaction among students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

Keywords: Resistance exercises, Occupational performance areas, Depression, Students

Background and Aim: Fatigue is a factor that disrupts balance and leads to sport injuries. Female athletes have a much higher incidence of ligament injuries than men. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of gender and functional fatigue on dynamic balance.

Materials and Methods: Thirty two non athletic healthy subjects (16 women and 16 men) aged between 18-35 year participated in this study. Star excursion balance test was performed pre and post functional fatigue at the posterolateral and posteromedial directions.

Results: Main effect of fatigue was significant (F=37.62, P<0.01). Both groups showed reduced reach distance after fatigue in posterolateral and posteromedial directions. Fatigue and group Interaction was not significant (F=0.045, P>0.05). The Interaction of fatigue and directions of star excursion balance test was not significant (F=1.169, P>0.05).

Conclusion: Fatigue reduced the dynamic postural control in both gender. However, this reduction was not different between the groups. It seems that other factors rather than the effect of fatigue on postural control contribute to the difference in the risk of injury between men and women.

Keywords: Functional fatigue, Balance, Gender

Background and Aim: Standing stability is resulted by normal functioning of various neuro-muscular and musculo-skeletal systems. Patients with below knee amputation cannot use ankle strategy due to limb loss and they have to rely on other mechanisms to improve their standing stability. The effect of prosthesis foot on standing stability of patients with below knee amputation is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of below knee amputees and determine the influence of prosthesis foot on stability

Materials and Methods:  Fourty subjects participated in this study. Participants were divided into three groups including:  (a) normal individuals, (b) amputees using SACH foot and (c) amputees using single axis foot. The stability of subjects was evaluated by use of a Kistler force plate. The subjects were asked to stand on the force plate for one minute and look forward with their hand at their sides. The stability was evaluated by use of some parameters such as excursion of Center of Pressure (COP) and path length and velocity of COP in mediolateral and anteroposterior directions. The difference between the stability of the subjects was determined using One-way ANOVA and Post Hoc test.

Results: There was a significant difference between stability of the three groups during standing with regard to path length and velocity of COP in mediolateral and anteroposterior directions (P < 0.05). No significant difference was reported with regard to all of the measured parameters when comparing normal individuals and amputees with single axis foot (P >0.05).

Conclusion: Below-knee amputees standing stability who are using single axis foot have the same standing stability compared to normal subjects; moreover, stability of amputees who are using SACH foot was surprisingly better than normal subjects in some of the parameters including path length and velocity of COP in mediolateral and anteroposterior directions.

Keywords: Standing stability, Below knee amputation, SACH foot, Single axis foot, Force plate

Background and Aim: The structure and function of the hamstring and quadriceps can contribute to the development and process of patellofemoral pain syndrome. As open and closed kinetic chain exercises have different effects on the knee joint, the aim of the current study was to investigate motor control of knee joint in both kinetic chains according to voluntary response index aspect.

Materials and Methods: 12 healthy knees and 12 injured knees (6 females in each group) were examined. Surface electromyography were performed in knee muscles including vastus medialis oblique, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris while the subjects were doing flexion-extension of knee joint by isokinetic dynamometer system and one leg semi-squat movement. Then voluntary response index was calculated.

Results: There were no significant difference between the patients and healthy groups (p>0.05). In the patient group, correlation between similarity index and magnitude was seen.

Conclusion: Probably in the low intensity patellofemoral syndromes, voluntary response index could not differentiate between healthy and the patient groups. In the patients with patellofemoral syndrome group, correlation between similarity index and magnitude may represent co-contraction in their muscles.

Keywords: Patellofemoral pain syndrome, Motor control, Voluntary response index, Surface electromyography

Background and Aim: Perception of words is one of the parameters that examine to assess the language skills, due to lack of appropriate test in this field, informal assessing was done and evaluating of Perception of words has been challenged. The aim of this study is to design and determine the characteristics of Picture perceptive Objective Vocabulary Test for normal Persian-speaking 6-13 years-old children in order to examine the perception of words accurately.

Materials and Methods: In this methodological study that was done cross-sectional, a list of words that had the ability to visualize, prepared. To determine the content validity index, 7 speech therapists were surveyed and were chosen 240 images of words, finally this test was done on 118 children (57 girls, 61 boys) in seven age groups. Reliability of this test was assessed by repeatability and internal consistency and correlation between children’s scores and their age was determined by Spearman’s correlation.

Results: Content validity index  for total of 240 words were 1. In assessing reliability of this test Spearman’s correlation and internal consistency were 0.87 and 0.83 obtained respectively. There was a significant correlation between children’s ability to respond and their age (p<0.0005).

Conclusion: Pictures test for assessing the ability for perception of words in different categories of 6-13 years old children have appropriate content validity and reliability. In the age range of the study, child's ability to perception of words increases with age.

Keywords: Picture Perceptive Objective Vocabulary Test, children, Validity and Reliability

Background and Aim: Having a proper posture is one the aspects of good health which has important role in activity of daily living and sport skills. Spine abnormality is the most prevalent disorder and hyperkyphosis is more propagated one. The purpose of present study was to compare the effect of conventional corrective exercise and physioball exercise on improvement hyperkyphosis and vital capacity in girl students.

Materials and Methods: 44 girl students (13±0.83 age) with the hyperkyphosis were participated in this study. Participants did not have any history of surgery, trauma or pain in their limbs. In pre-test and post-test, curvature of the back  measured by a flexible ruler and  vital capacity measured by a digital spirometer.

 Students in terms of the curvature of the back were divided in to three subgroups of experimental 1 (Corrective exercises physioball), experimental 2 (conventional corrective exercise), and the control group (did not participated in any exercise program). The training program was done eight weeks, 3 times per week.

Results: The result of ANOVA showed that there are significant differences between pre-test and post-test. The results of Tokey showed that there are significant differences between both experimental groups compare to control group in hyper kyphosis and vital capacity in post-test. However there is not different between 1 and 2 experimental groups (P&ge;0/05).

Conclusion: Performance training with physioball and without physioball are useful for improvement of hyperkyphosis and vital capacity in young female students. There is not different between two groups.

Key words: Corrective exercise, Vital capacity, Physioball,  Hyperkyphosis

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sensory-motor integration on Balance and Reaction time in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder( DCD). Motor developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a statement that the American Psychiatric Association was described for children who have difficulty in implementing some of the skills and competencies necessary to deal with the needs of the motor suffering their everyday lives, proposed locomotors.

Materials and Methods: This study was a semi-experimental study. Twenty patients (mean age, 8.5years old) were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control groups from the DCD children rehabilitation center in Kermanshah. Continuous performance test, test improved stork and test walk heel to toe were used. After the pretest, the experimental group had a protocol for 8 weeks, three sessions per week of 120 minutes exercise (Swinging, jumping on Trampoline, baby turn around, turn around and coach children). To investigate the differences between the groups and the effect of exercise, ANOVA with repeated measures design with 2 × 2 (two with double measurement) were used. Post hoc t-test and t-test was used to analyze differences within groups and between groups.

Results: The results showed that the experimental group showed a significant improvement in reaction time, dynamic and static balance. There was a significant difference at post-test in experimental group due to the extent of the practice.

Conclusion: Improvement in balance is more likely due to the increased proprioception and stability. It is also likely to reduce the reaction time of integrated activities due to the pre-movement or speed up of the processing of perceptual or cognitive.

Keywords:  Sensory-motor integration, Balance , Reaction time, DCD

Background and Aim: This study was conducted dueto the limited results of past studies in relation to postural control in children with developmental coordination disorders and the importance of postural control with the ability to integrate the vestibular, visual and somatosensory inputs. In this study the postural control of the children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and their normal peers was compared under the reduced or the conflicted sensory input conditions.

Materials and Methods: Twenty two children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (16 males, 6 females with mean age of 7 years old and 9 months, SD 1 year and 5 months) and 19 children with normal motor development (13 males, 6 females, with mean age of 6 years and 11 months, SD 1 year and 1 month) were evaluated. Standing balance, sensory organization and motor control strategy were evaluated using the sensory organization test (SOT).

Result: The results showed that the children with DCD had poorer function than the normal children in the composite equilibrium (p&le; 0.001), visual ratios (p=0.005) and vestibular ration (p=0.002). There were no meaningful differences between groups in their average somatosensory ratio. Additionally, children with Developmental Coordination Disorder had lower motor strategy scores than the normal children when they were forced to depend on vestibular cues alone (p < 0.05). The children with Developmental Coordination Disorder had deficits in standing balance control in conditions that included reduced or conflicting sensory signals. The visual and vestibular systems tended to be more involved in contributing to the balance deficits than the somatosensory system. Moreover, children with Developmental Coordination Disorder were tended to use hip strategy excessively when forced to rely primarily on vestibular signals to maintain postural stability.

Conclusion: In order to improve the postural control in the patients, the rehabilitation protocols should focus on the sensory-motor deficits.

Keywords: Postural control, Postural stability, Developmental Coordination Disorder

Background and Aim: The voice is an important verbal communication in voice problems. In addition to physical problems, pay attention to communication, emotional and mental health in our life and work is very important. The aim of this study is to assess and compare of voice handicap index (VHI) in patients with vocal mass lesion and healthy people.

Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. Participants were divided into two groups, patients with mass lesion (n=40) and healthy people group (n=40). Basic information was collected by interview. Voice handicap index (VHI) questionnaire was assessed. The data was analyzed with SPSS₁₆ (IBM corporation) software. In order to compare the two groups, the independent sample T-test was used.

Results: Patients with vocal mass lesion had high scores in total and three subscales (physical, emotional and functional) VHI than healthy people and there was a significant differences between two groups in all variables (p˂0.05).

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that patients with mass lesion in larynx have higher and significant VHI scales than healthy people, which presents less voice related quality of life. Therefore, patients with voice disorder should pay attention to the psychological aspects in addition to medical and surgical treatments.

Keywords: Voice Handicap Index, Mass lesions, Voice disorder

Background and Aim: Whole body vibration (WBV) is a new therapeutic modality which improves muscle function, proprioception and postural control by creating an oscillatory mechanical stimulation. The aim of this research was to investigate the immediate effect of WBV on postural control in young adults.

Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 22 healthy subjects were participated as a single group. Non-probability simple sampling method was used. Subjects were treated with 4 minutes WBV bout. The subjects repeated four times a 60-s light exercise program according to instructions which was shown by the therapist. During the vibration intervention, the vibration frequency increased in 1 minute intervals from 15 Hz for the first minute to 30 Hz for the last minute. Postural control indexes were recorded using the Biodex Balance system in situations of two leg standing with open and close eyes that included overall stability index (OSI), anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), medial-lateral stability index (MLSI) . In order to analyze the data, paired t-test was used.

Results: The results indicated that in the case of standing on two legs with eyes open, OSI and MLSI were statistically significant (P = 0.02; P = 0.01, respectively) and with eyes closed, OSI, APSI and MLSI were statistically significant (P = 0.000; P = 0.001; P = 0. 001, respectively).

Conclusion: Four minutes WBV bout can induce improvement of postural control and balance in young adults.

Keywords: Whole body vibration, Balance, Young adults, Stability

Background and Aim: Leg stiffness has recognized as a parameter related to sports performance and injury risk. The aim of the present study was to compare of leg stiffness during hopping test between female and male athletes.

Materials and Methods: Thirteen females and 12 males of the best Iranian racket-players participated in this study and<span style="font-family:;" dir="RTL" new="" b="" fa;="" mitra";="" roman";="" "times="" roman";"="" 12pt;=""> performed the bilateral hopping test at a frequency of 2.2 Hz. The subjects' leg stiffness was measured and was normalized through dividing by their body weights. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the mean of research variables between the female and male groups.

Results: Leg stiffness in the females was significantly lower than the males (p< 0.001), however the body mass-normalized leg stiffness was not significantly different between two groups (p = 0.290).

Conclusion: The lower leg stiffness observed in the female athletes may be a factor justifying their weakness in speed-based performances during horizontal movements. Furthermore, non-significant difference in normalized leg stiffness between two groups may indicate using a risky strategy by the females in vertical movement to compensate for the less inherent stiffness of their tendinous and muscular structures. Choosing the proper training programs to change the leg stiffness, may be an effective method to enhance the performance and to decrease the injury risk.

Keywords: Leg stiffness, Female and male athletes, Sports performance, Injury risk

Background and Aim: Knee joint injuries are the most common injuries in routine life and stirring sports. The most common injuries in knee joint are meniscus injuries, anterior cruciate ligament rupture and kind of tears of above structures. Diagnosis of meniscus tear is generally clinically and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging). In this study, meniscuc tear was recognized by recorded the knee vibration signals (VAG: Vibroarthrography).

Materials and Methods: Forty subjects (20 normal and 20 abnormal) with meniscus tear were selected and recorded the signals by electrostethoscope, 3 times in 15 sec. Testimonial form was taken from all of participants. 

Results: After recording, the signals were processed and reduced the noise by singular value decomposition algorithm (SVD: Singular Value Decomposition), four parameters of these signals were extracted in energy and frequency domain. These were included energy parameter (EP: Energy Parameter), energy spread parameter (ESP: Energy Spread Prameter), frequency parameter (FP: Frequency Parameter) and frequency spread parameter (FSP: Frequency Spread Parameter). Mean and standard deviation of each feature were considered and analyzed eight features of the signals. Statistical analyzes showed the P-Value less than 0.05 ( ) for each feature. Three methods for data classification were used. ) Mean and standard deviation of the parameters were obtained as below: Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP: Multi Layer Perceptron), Support Vector Machine (SVM: Support Vector Machine) and K- Nearest Neighbor (KNN: K-Nearest Neighbor) with ( ), ( ) and ( . K-nearest neighbor method (K=5) has the highest percentage of accuracy.

Conclusion: Knee signals processing (VAG signals) is a suitable and non-invasive method for diagnosis of meniscus tear which can save the time and reduce the costs.

Keywords: Articular pathology, Meniscus tear, VAG signals, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Time- frequency distribution.

Background and Aim: Stuttering is a multifaceted disorder that affects motor control, language performance and communication attitude. It seems that investigating the relationship between overt (stuttering severity) and cover (communication attitude) features of stuttering is necessary. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between stuttering severity and the communication attitude of adults who stutter.

Materials and Methods: Fifty-six adults who stutter participated in this study. The SSI-3 (Stuttering Severity Instrument-3) in the 200 words read text and communication attitude by Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES-A) were used. Spearman's correlation coefficient and Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test were used to determine relationship between severity of stuttering, communication attitude, age and history of treatment.

Results: This study showed that there was not significant correlation between the severity of stuttering assessment and communication attitude (P >0.14). As well as, age with communication attitude (P&ge; 0.050) and history of treatment with the stuttering severity (P <0.001) were correlated. The relationship between stuttering severity with age (P >0.13) and communication attitude with history of treatment (P >0.7) were not correlated.

Conclusion: There was no relationship between the severity of stuttering and communication attitude. Since, in people who have had a history of treatment, severity of stuttering was reduced but communication attitude did not reduce, therefore, communication attitude should be considered in treatment.

Keywords: Stuttering, Stuttering severity inventory, Communication attitude, Overall assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering.

Background and Aim: Forward Head Posture (FHP) is one of the most common postural disorders which related to current life style. This disorder may cause some changes in motor control of cervical muscles.

Materials and Methods: Eight subjects with Forward Head Posture and 8 matched healthy subjects wereParticipated. The kinematic and electromyographic activity of each subject was analyzed and the flexion- Relaxation phenomenon was determined.

Results: The results showed that the cessation of flexion-relaxation phenomenon was different between two groups (P<0.05). The result of Pearson correlation showed a significant positive correlation between Cranio-vertebral angle and cessation of the phenomenon (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The flexion- relaxation phenomenon was different in Forward Head Posture related to the healthy subjects and the concentric contraction was started with delay in the Forward Head Posture subjects. Therefore, the motor control and balance disorder may be seen in these subjects.

Keywords: Forward Head Posture, Flexion- Relaxation, Electromyography, Kinematic

Background and Aim: Theory of mind as a cognitive component is the foundation of our ability to explain or predict the behavior of ourselves and others which is done through the attribution of mental status. This ability damaged in deaf children and its development is fast in girls. The aim of this study was to study theory of mind in 5-6 years cochlear implant children and its relation with gender and age of cochlear implant (CI).

Materials and Methods:  This study is descriptive and cross-sectional. Eighteen Farsi speaking children CI children and 18 normal development children aged 5-6 were participated in this study. The normal children were selected from living area of CI children. They were selected through available and easy sampling method. These children had no sensory or speech disorders. The basic theory of mind was tested in these children.

Results: Theory of mind was significantly different in both groups (p = 0.00). The comparison between girls and boys did not show significant difference in normal (p= 0.321) and CI children (p =0.231). There was no significant relationship between the age at CI and theory of mind scores (p=0.100).

Conclusion: Hearing impairment has influence on basic theory development in CI children. Age of implantation and gender had no effect on development of theory of mind.

Keywords: Theory of mind, Cochlear implant, Farsi language.

Background and Aim: The concept of locus of control refers to the degree in which a person perceives daily occurrences to be a consequence of his or her own behavior. Some people accept responsibility of their own continued well-being and maintained improvement, but the others, particularly those who do not accept this responsibility, may be at risk of relapse. It recommends a kind of measurement in order to identify such persons so that further steps can be taken to inhibit the relapse before occurs. One of this measurement is Locus of Control of Behavior. The purpose of the present study is to translate the Locus of Control of Behavior (LCB) into Persian and investigation of validity and reliability of the scale.

Materials and Methods: In this research, 35 adults with stuttering and 35 non-stuttering were evaluated. After the translation of the test according to Protocol IQOLA and its equalization to Persian Language, content validity and face validity of it were determined by the opinions of experts. Then, for concurrent validity determination 35 adults with stuttering were examined by LCB and Rotters locus of control .In order to test reliability, test –retest and Cronbach,s alpha were used.

Results: Entirely relevant items had simple translation. The translation items had content and face validity. Correlation between the marks of LCB and Rotters locus of control was (p=0.000, r= %53). LCB has high Test-retest (p=0.000, ICC= %87) and internal reliability (p=0.000, &alpha;=%85).

Conclusion: The present research showed that the Persian version of the LCB is a reliable and valid tool for locus of control from the perspective of a person who is stutter.

Key Words: Stuttering, Reliability, Validity, Locus of Control of Behavior

Background and Aim: There are various questionnaires to assess public attitudes towards various human traits but few standard tools to evaluate public attitudes about stuttering. The purpose of the present study was to translate the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes -Stuttering (POSHA-S) into Persian and investigation of psychometric properties of the scale.

Materials and Methods: Thirty adults without stuttering (8 men and 22 women) who have mean age of 24.9 participated in this developmental test study. After taking permission from test design, the translation of the test according to Protocol IQOLA and its equalization to Persian Language, face validity of it were determined by the opinions of participants. Then, Test-retest reliability of the scale was carried out by two methods; Pearson correlation coefficient and determination of point-to-point agreement.

Results: Entirely relevant items had simple translation. The translation items had face validity. The results showed that there was a high correlation between two completions in the whole questionnaire (p=0.000, r=0.70).

Conclusion: The present research showed that the Persian version of the "Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes –Stuttering" is a reliable and valid tool. Therefore, the Persian version of this test can be used as a valid and reliable scale to assess community attitudes towards stuttering

Key Words: Stuttering, Reliability, Validity

Background and Aim: Rotator cuff tendon rupture is the most frequent cause of shoulder pain and disability, especially in middle and old age. Physiotherapy is known as non-surgical or conservative treatment for it. The goal of this research was to investigate the effect of physiotherapy treatment in full-thickness tear of Supraspinatus tendon on shoulder pain and shoulder active range of motion.

Materials and Methods: In this before and after clinical trial, 17 patients (5 men and 12 women) with average age of 54.35±7.13 years old whom had full-thickness tear of Supraspinatus tendon were treated within 30 physiotherapy clinical sessions. The physiotherapy protocol for patients was included of heat, ultrasound and electrical stimulations modules and exercise therapy program was consisted of three components of stretching, strengthening and endurance. Patients in the first, twentieth and at the end of the thirtieth session were evaluated for pain and range of motion. Pain variable by visual analogue scale and range of motion variable by goniometer were evaluated.

Results: Within subjects ANOVA (parametric) and Friedman (nonparametric) tests showed a significant difference in pain and range of motion between before and after physiotherapy (P <0.01).

Conclusions: This study showed that physiotherapy may reduce pain and improve range of motion of shoulder in surgery candidate patients with full-thickness tear of Supraspinatus tendon and decrease client needs to surgery. However, studies with longer follow-up are recommended to evaluate this outcome.

Keywords: Supraspinatus tendon tears, Physiotherapy, Pain, Range of motion, Visual analogue scale, Goniometer

Background and Aim: Proverb comprehension can be used to assess cognitive function. Since tests of proverb comprehension impressed by language and culture, designing proverb comprehension test in Persian is necessary in order to evaluate cognitive and executive function. The purpose of the present study was to design a proverb comprehension test and to determine its validity and reliability.

Material and Methods: The present, Proverb Comprehension Test includes two subscales of out context and in context. The statistical population of the study were students of elementary and high schools in 1393-1394. The sample included 234 student with age range 10 to 18 years old that selected by Convenience Sampling scheme. Two halves method and Cronbach's alpha test were used in order to evaluate internal consistency. Discriminative validity was achieved from comparing average scores of age groups. For investigation of concurrent validity, Pearson test was used between results of proverb comprehension test and verbal fluency test.

Results: Subscales of out context  Proverb Comprehension Test with verbal fluency test had positive significant relationship. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of subscales of out context, in context and the total test was respectively 0.76, 0.72 and 0.88 and the reliability coefficient of two halves method was 0.82. Comparing between groups indicated the discriminative validity of the test.

Conclusion: Proverb Comprehension Test is a valid and reliable test for measuring executive and verbal functions.

Keywords: Proverb Comprehension, Reliability, Verbal fluency, Validity

Background and Aim: The purpose of the present research is to investigate the relationship between syntactic complexity (in terms of sentence and clause structure) on the stuttering occurrence in pre-school Persian speaking children who stutter (CWS).

Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out on 15 monolingual CWS (12 boys and 3 girls) ranging in age from 4 to 6 years old in Mashhad. The convenience sampling method was used to collect data. The 30 minute spontaneous speech samples were recorded in a quiet room in speech therapy clinic while the child was speaking with the speech therapist or the parent (mother or father). The 60 numbers of the utterances produced by CWS were transcribed and then a paired T-test was used to analyze the data.

Results: The results showed significant differences between fluent and non-fluent utterances in terms of syntactic complexity of sentence and clause structure. The results indicated that at clausal level, by increasing the verb arguments in both the main and subordinate clauses, the stuttering occurrence was significantly increased (P<0.01). Moreover, the stuttering occurrence was higher among the compound sentences compared to the simple ones (P<0.01).

Conclusion: The research findings denoted that there was a meaningful relationship between the syntactic complexity based on sentence and clause structure and the stuttering occurrence in Persian CWS.

Keywords: Syntactic complexity, Sentence, Clause, Verb argument, Stuttering