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Background and Aim: Spasticity is one of the symptoms that contributes to functional limitation in adults with cerebral palsy and characterized by a velocity dependent increase in tonic reflex due to the hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex. Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) is a valid clinical tool for assessment of spasticity. The purpose of this study was to investigate Inter-rater reliability of the Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) for hip adductors, knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors muscles in adult subjects with cerebral palsy.

 Materials and Methods: In an analytical cross sectional study, 30participants (11 men ،21 women, age range 20 to 40 years, mean age (26.57±4.8) with spastic cerebral palsy from Ra'ad Rehabilitation Goodwill Complexes in Tehran city in a convenient sampling took part in this study. Spasticity was measured by two physiotherapist for hip adductors, knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors with MTS during same session with ten minutes interval between assessment of two raters.

 Results: ICC values for R₂-R₁ as an indicator of spasticity in hip adductors, knee extensor and plantar flexors were 0.97, 0.88 and 0.81 respectively. Also ICC Values for quality of muscle reaction was 0.89 in hip adductors, 0.96 in knee extensors and 0.92 in ankle plantar flexors

Conclusion: MTS has a high reliability in spasticity assessment of adductors, knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors muscles, Probably MTS can be used as a reliable clinical tool to measure spasticity of lower extremity muscles in adult subjects with cerebral palsy.

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Background and Aim: In some disorders, word finding is difficult. There is different ways to assess naming process that verbal fluency is one way. So far has not been an index to verbal fluency assessment and treatment, the aim of this study was to determine normative data of semantic fluency for 18-69 -year – old adult Persian speakers.
Materials and Methods: This study was cross sectional and analytic. Participants were 540 normal adults 18-69 -year – old. They were divided in 4 age groups ( 18-30, 31-43, 44-56, 57-69) and 3 educational groups (0-8, 9-12, >12). The peoples were asked to name animals and fruits in 60 seconds, words were recorded and analyzed whit Troyer method and SPSS 16 software.
Results: The findings of this study did not show significant differences in semantic verbal fluency, clusters mean and number of switches between two genders. But significant differences were found in semantic verbal fluency (P=0.000) and number of switching (P=0.000) between educational groups. Also significant differences were found in semantic verbal fluency (P=0.014), clusters (P=0.000) mean and number of switching (P=0.000) between age groups.
Conclusion: Semantic verbal fluency and number of switching increase by promoting the education but decrease by rising of participant age. Clusters mean increase by rising of participant but the education had not significant effect. Gender had no effect on none of them. The findings of this study are consistent with other studies and difference in findings in some of studies, could cause of different in educational and age partitions.

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Background and Aim: Some studies indicated that training in elderly persons is very important for decrease of aging changes. Many investigations have reported the increase in muscular strength as a consequence of training performed on the contralateral limb. There are few clinical trials that quantify the effect of cross training in elderly adults .The aim of the study was to evaluate of unilateral biceps brachialis strength training on countralateral peak force in elderly persons
Materials and Methods: A total of 12 elderly females (age = 73.08) with no history of strength training and upper limb movement impairments enrolled in this study. Subjects performed unilateral elbow flexion exercises in dominant upper limb, using progressive resistance training three times a week for six weeks. After determining the maximal isometric force of elbow flexion , the subjects performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions of the 60-70% maximal force. The isometric force of elbow flexion were measured at the start and after 2 weeks by tensiometer. Paired t test was used to analysis the data
Results: The results showed that progressive unilateral elbow flexion training led to an increase in maximal isometric force of biceps brachialis muscles at two sides (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The increased muscle strength observed during training indicates positive effect of training in old adult. The increased muscle strength in untrained limb suggests the capacity of neuromuscular adaptation in old adult that it can be used in cases of limb immobility.

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Background and Aim: Semantic test “pyramids and palm trees” (PPT) are the most common tests for assessing memory. Since this test is related to language and culture, normative data in different populations are needed. This study was done in Persian language.

Materials and Methods: Current study was cross-sectional and was done in 270 male and female from 20 to 69 years old. After performing Mini-Mental Status Examination test, Persian version of PPT was done. Subjects must select a picture or word between two pictures or words that was closer to target. First picture version was performed and then word version was carried out after 10 to 14 days. Data was analyzed by Spss16 software and the statistic tests were included of T-Test and a Paired T-Test and ANOVA.

Results: The Results show that difference between picture and word scores increased with rising age. There were significant differences in gender between scores of picture and word version (male P<0.001, female P=0.003). It also points out the difference increases between picture and word scores with education. 

Conclusion: Both versions are affected by demographic variables and so the scores should be interpreted accordingly.

Keywords: Persian normative data, Pyramids and palm trees, Adult

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Background and Aim: Whole body vibration (WBV) is a new therapeutic modality which improves muscle function, proprioception and postural control by creating an oscillatory mechanical stimulation. The aim of this research was to investigate the immediate effect of WBV on postural control in young adults.

Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 22 healthy subjects were participated as a single group. Non-probability simple sampling method was used. Subjects were treated with 4 minutes WBV bout. The subjects repeated four times a 60-s light exercise program according to instructions which was shown by the therapist. During the vibration intervention, the vibration frequency increased in 1 minute intervals from 15 Hz for the first minute to 30 Hz for the last minute. Postural control indexes were recorded using the Biodex Balance system in situations of two leg standing with open and close eyes that included overall stability index (OSI), anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), medial-lateral stability index (MLSI) . In order to analyze the data, paired t-test was used.

Results: The results indicated that in the case of standing on two legs with eyes open, OSI and MLSI were statistically significant (P = 0.02; P = 0.01, respectively) and with eyes closed, OSI, APSI and MLSI were statistically significant (P = 0.000; P = 0.001; P = 0. 001, respectively).

Conclusion: Four minutes WBV bout can induce improvement of postural control and balance in young adults.

Keywords: Whole body vibration, Balance, Young adults, Stability