Background and Aim : Chronic non-specific low back pain is one of the important health problem in military and different factors have been reported in its emergence. The aim of this study is to determine the association between low back pain and education level, Body Mass Index (BMI), exercise, smoking status ,work status and bad postures in military men.

Materials and Methods : In this non-experimental case-control study, 92 subjects (mean age= 29.16 year, SD= 8.55 year) with chronic non-specific low back pain and 93 subjects (mean age= 26.80 year, SD=9.22 year) without low back pain were selected by simple non-probability method from military centers in Tehran. Evaluation tools of this study included a self-administrated questionnaire, weighting scale and metal tape measure.

Results : According to the results of bivariate logistic regression, risk factors of exercise (P= 0.003), smoking status (P= 0.042), grade of BMI (P= 0.034), bad posture grades including heavy objects lifting movements (P= 0.007), bending movements (P= 0.003), rotating movements from the lumbar (P= 0.011), carrying bulky objects (P= 0.034), carrying heavy objects (P= 0.05) and working in squatting position (P= 0.005) had a significant association with low back pain. Job status (P= 0.999), education level (P= 0.056) and bad postures grades movements like wringing clothes (P= 0.958) had not a significant association with low back pain.

Conclusion : Doing regular exercise and having normal BMI decrease the risk of suffering from low back pain in the military while smoking and doing injurious physical activities during work (lifting heavy objects, bending movements and rotating from the lumbar, carrying bulky and heavy objects, and working in squatting position for a long time) increase the risk of suffering from low back pain.

Key Words : Chronic non-specific low back pain, Military forces, Biomechanical risk factors, Exercise

Background and Aim: An suitable prosthesis may have contributed effectively to amputee’s ability to accomplish activities. According to the search field and empirical evidence Dynamic-Response feet and SACH feet are common prosthetic components used. Consequently, the purpose of the present review was to compare the biomechanical studies of running with SACH and Dynamic-Response according to main parameters in running analysis.

Materials and Methods: An  electronical  search  was  done  in  PubMed,  Ovid and  Science Direct without time limitation. The abstract and title of papers were reviewed based on selected Criteria. The quality of the papers was evaluated based on Downs and Black tool. Key words include “Amputee”, “Dynamic-Response”, “energy-storing”, “SACH”, and “Running” were selected for the search.

Results: Based on the search keywords, 722 articles were found. Regarding the selection criteria, 4 articles were chosen. Amount of biomechanical studies have been found is not  too enough to distinguish preference between SACH feet and Dynamic-Response feet.

Conclusion: The biomechanical preference among SACH feet and Dynamic-Response during running feet is not cleared. In addition, various dependent variables among studies has made harder a comprehensive conclusion. So further studies with similar topics, measurement tools and outcome measures are recommended.

Keywords: Transtibial amputee, SACH feet, Dynamic-Response feet, Biomechanical, Running