Abstract

Background and Aim: The human needs speech for making relationship, he achieves speech with linguistic structure including sound, word and more important than other the sentence. In Persian grammar, there are different types of sentences including: imperative, question, active, passive, exclamation. A childe makes sentence with single-word, telegraphic speech and then with composing names and verbs and propositions in his stage of growing and finally he expresses the passive, conditional, compound sentences. Because of no previous study has been done about the age of comprehension passive sentences in Persian language so we decided to run the comprehension passive sentences on normal children. And we got the age of growth about it in normal children then we compared it in hearing impaired children. The aim of this study was to compare for comprehension passive sentences in normal children 3 to8 years old with hearing impaired children 8years old.

Materials and Methods: A total of 691 normal children 3 to 8 years old in central Tehran and 18 hearing impaired children in special schools participated in this test. At first the test was conducted on 30 children, and proved its reliability. This test had 15sets of three pictures and child must show one of those three pictures. At first, two sets of three pictures were performed to child as example and practice then the passive sentence was expressed about it Colloquial and child must show it and if he/she couldn’t ,the examiner showed the correct picture and showed next picture as be offered to children should be familiar with the test. The child was described that he/she looked at pictures carefully and showed the correct picture after reviewing all the pictures. In continue, 15 pictures of this test were executes and examiner recorded the results.

Results: The highest number of correct responses were for normal children 8years old (Average: 13.93) and other records were in order for children 7 years old (Average: 12.51), 6 years old (Average: 9.37), 5 years old (Average: 8.09), 4 yeas old (Average: 5.31), 3 years old (Average: 3.61) and the lowest record of correct responses was for the hearing impaired children. The result of this study showed that there is a significant relationship among the ability of comprehension passive sentences and age, birth order, parents education (p<0.05) but there is no significant relationship between ability of comprehension passive sentences and their gender (p>0.05) and there is a significant deference between the average of percentage of responses and comprehension passive sentences in hearing impaired children in all the range of ages except 3 years old (p=1.000). It means that hearing impaired children in comprehension passive sentences are similar to children 3 years old.

Conclusion: The result of this study showed there is a significant relationship among the ability of comprehension passive sentences and age, birth order, parents education but there is no significant relationship between ability of comprehension passive sentences and their gender. The results of this study showed the ability of comprehension passive sentences in hearing impaired children 8 years old is like normal children 3 years old too.

Keywords: Passive sentences, Comprehension, Normal children, Severe hearing loss, The Persian language

Background and Aim: The purpose of the present research is to investigate the relationship between syntactic complexity (in terms of sentence and clause structure) on the stuttering occurrence in pre-school Persian speaking children who stutter (CWS).

Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out on 15 monolingual CWS (12 boys and 3 girls) ranging in age from 4 to 6 years old in Mashhad. The convenience sampling method was used to collect data. The 30 minute spontaneous speech samples were recorded in a quiet room in speech therapy clinic while the child was speaking with the speech therapist or the parent (mother or father). The 60 numbers of the utterances produced by CWS were transcribed and then a paired T-test was used to analyze the data.

Results: The results showed significant differences between fluent and non-fluent utterances in terms of syntactic complexity of sentence and clause structure. The results indicated that at clausal level, by increasing the verb arguments in both the main and subordinate clauses, the stuttering occurrence was significantly increased (P<0.01). Moreover, the stuttering occurrence was higher among the compound sentences compared to the simple ones (P<0.01).

Conclusion: The research findings denoted that there was a meaningful relationship between the syntactic complexity based on sentence and clause structure and the stuttering occurrence in Persian CWS.

Keywords: Syntactic complexity, Sentence, Clause, Verb argument, Stuttering