Background and aim: Stroke is one of the main reasons that would cause disability in adult population. The patient prefers to use his non-involved limb for self-care activities that called disuse learning of involved upper extremity.Constraint-induced therapy is one of the rehabilitative intervention that seems to improve motor ability and functional use of involved upper extremity in some of patients with hemiparesis after stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the time effects of constraint-induced therapy on functions, coordination and movements of upper extremity of adult patients with hemiplegia.

Materials and methods: In present study, 15 patients with stroke participated in structured therapy sessions (CIT) emphasizing more affected upper extremity in different activities five times a week for 12 weeks and 2 hours a day and non-involved upper extremity were also restrained five times a week for 12 weeks and 5 hours a day

Results: The data was analyzed with paired t-test. The scores  of different  subtests of Fugl-Meyer test  such as shoulder and forearm, wrist and hand movements, coordination and speed of involved upper extremities showed significant differences between pre and post interventions in different time periods (p>0.05). Test scores increased up to 8 weeks but no significant increase was seen after 8^th week .Dexterity measurements by Minnesota Manual Dexterity test  showed significant differences between pre and post intervention in different time periods ( p  < 0.05) with maximum increase up to 10 weeks

Conclusion: The present data showed that constraint-induced therapy could be an effective approach to improve function and overcome disuse learning. The results of this study revealed that scores of Fugl-Meyer and Minnesota Manual Dexterity test  would reflect functional skills improvement.

Background and aim: Most of the rehabilitation treatments for hemiplegic patients focus on compensatory strategies to promote independence in ADL by any means for restoration of upper exterimity (UE) function . Patients were taught to use the unaffected UE and various assistive device for ADL. In contrast, Constraint-Induced Therapy (CIT) treatments discourage the use of unaffected UE and encourage the use of the hemiplegic arm . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of constraint-induced therapy on ADL of adult hemiplegic patients.

 Materials and methods: This study is an interventional study. In present study, 15 patients who had hemiplegic arm following stroke, participated in constraint-induced therapy sessions emphasizing on more affected UE in different activities five times a week for 8 weeks and 2 hours a day. Noninvolved UE was restricted with a special sling for 8 weeks and 5 hours a day.

 Result: The measurements of self care activities, mobility and total score of stroke patients were evaluated with Barthel-Index. The date showed significant differences between mean score of pre and post interventions (p<0.001).

Functional measurements of upper extremity in ADL by using Arm Function Test showed significant differences between mean score of pre and post interventions (p<0.0001).

Conclusion: Presents data showed that constraint-induced therapy could be an effective approach to improve Activities of Daily Living of stroke patients and emphasis on more use of involved UE and overcome disuse learning. 

Background and Aim: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor impairment in childhood and affects 2 in 1000 live births, in which postural and motor control involved. In hemiplegic type, two sides of the body have differences in postural tone that cause weight shift to the intact side. In these children postural disorders appear as postural stability disorder. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of lateral wedge insole on postural control in cerebral palsy children.
Materials and Methods:  Sixteen hemiplegic children attended in this program and stood in two conditions on the force plate with and without lateral wedge on the hard plate. Center of pressure displacement measured for medio-lateral and antro-posterio directions. Every test took 20 seconds. It was repeated 3 times.
Results: Range of sideways decreased significantly with use of 5º wedge. Also a shoe wedge of 5º provided symmetrical weight distribution.
Conclusion: The results represent that a 5º lateral wedge applied to the unaffected limb, can improve factors of postural control and gain the symmetry in hemiplegic children

Background and aim: Sensory deficits after stroke are common with prevalence rates variously reported to be 11% to 85%. In spite of the fact that Sensory deficits can decrease  the quality of upper limb's movements and result in impairments in fine motor manipulation of objects, grasp and manipulative skills and finally  decrease the patient's quality of life but commonly overlooked in stroke rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sensory retraining on upper limb recovery. 
Materials and methods: In this study we studied 5 chronic stroke patients were participated using a single-system (A-B) design. During the baseline phase patient's function and motor impairment of upper limb were measured by Fugl-Meyer and Motoricity Index and their hand dexterity were measured by Box and Block test on three days intervals. When Patients reached to a stable pattern of changes, their treatment program began. In this phase they received sensory retraining intervention for 6 weeks. Based on sensory retraining principles and according to each patient's abilities, intervention began with detection and localization of constant and moving touch and followed by higher discriminatory tasks, suchas graphestesia. Then results of evaluations of two phases were analyzed.Results: Four patients showed significant improvements in upper limb function. The data showed significant improvements in motor impairments and hand dexterity in all of them. 
Conclusion: Regarding of significant recovery of upper limb function, motor impairment and hand dexterity of patients, sensory retraining can be considered as a practical method in rehabilitation of stroke patients. However further research with larger sample size is needed.

Background and Aim: Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) is a new intervention in chronic hemiplegic patients. The aim of present study is to quantify of quality of movement (QOM) and amount of movement (AOU) that assessed by motor activity log (MAL) after modified CIMT in comparison with traditional physiotherapy (TPT).

Materials and Methods: Ten patients were randomized to modified CIMT or TPT group. Five patients received training of the more affected limb fort two hours daily, three times in a week during two months of treatment. The patients are encouraged to wear an arm- hand splint in less affected hand for five hours daily for maximal using of affected limb with shaping method. The patients in TPT group received physiotherapy treatment with same intensity with other group, for two hours daily during two months. Motor Activity Log (MAL) was used to determine QOM and AOU before- after two months treatment.

Results: The data showed significant improvements in AOU and QOM in affected extremity that clarified by Wilcoxon test. Mann- Whitney test used for comparison between two groups, revealed significant difference in modified CIMT group (p=0.02).

Conclusion: Although, modified CIMT was more effective than TPT in improving QOM and AOU but, TPT as an active rehabilitation can be effective on improving of these parameters.