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Fariba Nabatchian, Mojtaba Ashteeani, Ali Noroozi,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (5-2016)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Breast cancer is epidemiological and most important cause of death in women. Oxidative stress plays an important role in this disease. Antioxidants such as some vitamins has attracted the attention of scientists to deal with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin supplements in reducing oxidative stress in breast cancer.

Materials and Methods: 38 BALB-C mice were used. They were created in the breast cancer by cell implantation procedure. Rats were divided into 4 groups: 4 mice were given vitamin supplements for 1 month, 4 mice vitamin A, 4 mice, vitamin D, and 4 mice were given vitamin E respectively. After a month mice had breast cancer. In the second group mice without vitamin supplements, were affected. In the third group, mice with vitamin supplements were not affected. In the blood serum of rats, the catalase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity was measured by ELISA.

Results: Catalase activity in mice that received vitamin supplements was significantly increased and were diagnosed (P=0.049). But the increase was not significant with vitamin D supplement (P=0.287). Superoxide dismutase in mice that received vitamin supplements and were free of disease increased significantly (P=0.0249). But the increase was not statistically significant with vitamin D supplement (P=0.24).The total antioxidant capacity in mice that received vitamin supplements and were affected with breast cancer was significantly increased (P<0.0001). This increase was not significant with vitamin D (P=0.006).

Conclusion: The use of vitamin supplements with catalase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity was significantly correlated and may increase the level of antioxidant markers.


Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal, Maryam Shojaei Zinjanab , Saeid Vahedi, Hamid Mahmoudi , Shahroud Ghanbarzadeh, Fatemeh Hedayati Rad,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (7-2016)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Vegetables are one of the major components of food basket and consumption of them is on the rise. On the other hand, diseases and outbreaks caused by this group of foodstuffs have increasing trend. This study was performed to investigate the microbial contamination of vegetables used in south of Tehran.

Materials and Methods: Hundred fresh packaged and non packaged vegetable samples composed of 10 kinds, were examined based on the methods presented in Iran national standards. For each sample, enumeration of enterococcus and total microbial count was carried out by the pour plate technique in KF agar and plate count agar, respectively. Escherichia coli detection was also performed using lauryl sulfate broth, EC broth, peptone water and MacConkey agar mediums. Biochemical tests namely urea hydrolysis, motility, sulfide hydrogen (SH2) production, gas production and sugar fermentation were conducted as conformational tests of Escherichia coli.

Results: All (100%) of mixed leafy vegetables, spinaches, peppers, kuku (Persian food) vegetables, wheat sprouts and mung been sprouts had contamination higher than acceptable limits. In the case of green onions, basils, kuku vegetables, mushrooms and broccolis, respectively 40, 60, 30, 90 and 30 % of the samples were in contravention with acceptable limits, in terms of at least one parameter.

Conclusion: Our results show that consumption of vegetables specially those used as raw, need more attention at washing point and need to use hygienic rules of health department and health care centers, at shopping and consumption steps.


Delaram Dargahi, Mitra Zare Bavani, Nahid Einollahi, Nasrin Dashti, Mostafa Rezaeian, Sakineh Abbasi,
Volume 10, Issue 5 (1-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Giardiasis is the most common pathogenic gastrointestinal parasite worldwide and transmitted by ingesting parasite cyst, through water and food and person-to-person contact. Therefore in food handlers and child care workers it is of high importance. In this study we surveyed the job of individuals with giardiasis.
Materials and Methods: This study was a pilot descriptive-analytic study. Hundred and nine stool samples were collected from individuals referred to medical centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences for health certificate. 
Samples were examined with wet mount smear and formol-ether concentration methods. Also a questionnaire was given to each individual.
Results: Sixty nine samples were infected with Giardia lamblia. among positive samples for Giardia lamblia 25 (36.23%) were related to food handlers and occupations which are most  frequently associated with food, one (1.44%) nurse, one (1.44%) managing director of the nursery, two (2.89%) housekeepers  and one servant (1.44%).
Conclusion: Person-to-person Giardia lamblia transmission is often associated with poor hygiene and sanitation, most commonly by food handlers.
Also, day- care workers have a higher risk of infecting children attending day-care centers. Therefore particular attention should be paid to health of this workers as well as three times stool examination.


Elahe Derakhshanfar, Shaban Alizadeh, Hassan Rafiemehr , Fateme Nadali, Ali Qasemi, Masuod Karimi, Nushin Shabab,
Volume 10, Issue 6 (3-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloprolifrative neoplasm that is characterized by an expansion of myeloid, erythroid cells and platelets in peripheral blood and myeloid hyperplasia in bone marrow. Secreted frizzled-related protein family is a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway that suppresses this signaling pathway in healthy individuals. Aberrant regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway is a prevalent theme in cancer biology, and methylation in promoter of SFRP family has been shown to cause uncontrolled cell proliferation in cancer. Chronic myeloid leukemia was the first malignancy in which the important role of Wnt signaling pathway has been described. 
In the present study, we examined the methylation status of SFRP1 and SFRP2 genes in patients with CML.
Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 25 healthy individuals and 33 patients whit chronic meyloied leukemia (23 male, 10 female) Then Isolated DNA was treated with sodium bisulfite and analyzed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) with primers specific for methylated and unmethylated promoter sequences of the SFRP1 & -2 genes. We used Mann-Whitney u-tests to investigate the correlation between SFRP-1 and SFRP-2 genes hypermethylation and clinical parameters.
Results: In CML patient hypermethyleation frequency of SFRP-1 and SFRP-2 genes were 16.1℅ and 27.2% respectively. In control group SFRP-1 and SFRP-2 genes were unmethylated.
Conclusion: The present study showed that, methylation of SFRP genes also occurs in CML like other solid tumors. Therefore, the methylation of these genes may play a role in the initiation of malignant disease.


Marzieh Tajedini, Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani, Tahere Heydari, Kolsoom Choobineh, Hamid Choobineh,
Volume 10, Issue 6 (3-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Infertility is a major problem of modern medicine as it affects almost 20% of reproductive-aged couples. The cause of this problem is attributed to the male partner in nearly 40%-50% of these cases. The role of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in male infertility has been investigated using the sensitive methods. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HSV-1, 2 DNA in the semen, blood and urine of idiopathic infertile men and its association with altered semen parameters.
Materials and Methods: A total of 150 semen, blood and urine samples from infertile men were collected in the Shariati hospital, Tehran (2012-2014). Sample analysis and diagnostic PCR using specific primers was performed for detection of HSV-1, 2 DNA in the specimens.
Results: Analysis showed six groups of infertile men, including HSV-1, 2 positive and negative groups in semen, blood and urine samples. HSV-1, 2 DNA was detected in 38 (18.66%) semens, (6.66%) 10 in blood and 2 (1.33%) in urine. Only HSV-1, 2 positive samples of semen had abnormal semen parameters.
Conclusion: Using a powerful molecular method, we detected a high prevalence of HSV-1, 2 DNA in the semen of asymptomatic infertile patients. Although HSV-1, 2 infections were not associated with motility and morphology defects of the sperms, it was related with decreased sperm count in the semen fluid. In addition there was not a significant role for detection of HSV-1, 2 DNA in blood and urine samples of infertile men and abnormal semen parameters.


Ali Naghi Kebriaee , Rahim Rozbahany, Mojtaba Ahmadi, Parisa Farnia , Donya Malekshahian, Ali Akbar Velayati,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (7-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: To improve the quality of laboratory services, World Health Organization (WHO) introduced ISO15189 standard. So, this study aimed to investigate implementation of the standard at Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC) and determination of its adaptation.
Materials and Methods: At the first step, 12 organizational blocks of the laboratory was assessed by completion of the standard questionnaire. By implementation of the software and audit surveillance the second step was completed. Consequently, the given results were analyzed using SPSS Version 16. 
Results: By implementation of Quality Management System (QMS) at the three known focal points (pre analytical¸ analytical and post analytical), MRC was scored 80–100% points during 2013-2014; whereas previous QMS of the national reference TB laboratory (NRL) ranged from 48% to 79%
Conclusion: This study was the first of our knowledge in stepwise implementation of ISO15189 standard in Iran. Internal evaluation of the standard, our NRL ranked as a 5 star laboratory. We seeked international evaluation to accreditation of the national reference TB laboratory.


Ghahraman Mahmoudi, Bahman Nick Pour , Maryam Khazaee-Pool, Fereshteh Majlessi ,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional problems of women in reproductive age, which has a major impact on fetal growth, low birthweight and premature delivery. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anemia and related factors in pregnant women having referred to health centers of Mazandaran province.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 866 pregnant women were selected through stratified cluster sampling method from 19 cities, affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Data was collected by using the registration form and information obtained through maternal family documents and a questionnaire. SPSS software version 18 was used and the data were analysed by descriptive and analytical statistics such as mean comparison test, chi-square and logistic regression. 
Results: The prevalence of anemia in Mazandaran was 13.4% and it was higher among pregnant women in urban areas than those in rural areas. Logistic regression showed that mother’s age, number of pregnancies, prenatal care, unwanted pregnancy, consumption of red meat, using iron tablets, tea drinking, and mother’s education level had a significant effect on anemia.
Conclusion: Since iron deficiency anemia is a preventable problem and pregnant women are among the vulnerable groups, considering care programs before and during pregnancy, having appropriate dietary patterns, consumption of iron supplements, and having a program to prevent unwanted pregnancies may lead to reducing the risk of catching a disease.

Mohammad Erfan Zare, Reza Meshkani, Mojtaba Abbasi, Farhad Shaveisi Zadeh, Atefeh Nasir Kansestani ,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (7-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: There has been a long-lasting debate among medical laboratory-associated specialists about required competencies and educational background to qualify for directing medical laboratories in Iran. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review regarding required training and competencies for becoming a medical laboratory director in Iran and all around the world.
Materials and Methods: A thorough search of the literature was carried out in scientific databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer Link, Wiley Online, PubMed, Scopus, SID and web-based search engines such as Google and Google Scholar.
Results: The results revealed detailed required competencies for directing medical laboratories in the United States of America, Canada, European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) and its many affiliated European countries.
Conclusion: Our results indicate that in all assessed countries, specialists of basic medical sciences and also physicians, after passing certifying examinations, are equally qualified to direct medical laboratories. Indeed, Iran is the only country within the evaluated ones, in which basic medical sciences specialists (which have their own specific curriculum and are educated as clinical majors) have been eliminated from directing medical laboratory and the position has almost exclusively been available for graduates of pathology and it is important to revise this approach.

Sajjad Sistani, Mahdieh Raeeszadeh , Ali Akbar Amiri,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Due to the importance of infertility caused by oxidative stress induced by nicotine, this study was to evaluate the effect of alfalfa extract in contrast with the nicotine on ovarian tissues in rats.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-four adult female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Control group received no treatment; nicotine (0.2 mg/kg) was injected to T1 subcutaneously; and nicotine plus hydroalcoholic extract of alfalfa was prescribed to T2 and T3 orally for 25 days at 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. On the last day, the animals were weighed. After euthanizing the animals, their ovaries were removed and weighed. Right ovary was used for MDA measure and left ovary was fixed and stained to count the primary, secondary, graafian, and atretic follicles and corpus luteum (CL).
Results: Body weight in T1 (219 gr) decreased by 10 percent, and the average compared with that of the control group, T2 and T3 was significant. The highest ovarian weight was observed in T3 group (146.66±8.94mg). In T3, the average of primary and graafian follicles and CL was higher than that of T1, but atretic follicle was lower than that of T1 group. The MDA concentration in the control group (0.35±0.01 µmol/ml) was less than that in the other groups, but the TCA in T3 (821.18±3.25 µmol/ml) was significantly more than that in T1 group (708.85±12.44). 
Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of alfalfa can reduce the oxidative stress caused by nicotine on ovarian tissue and probably improve fertility status.

Amir Shakerian, Ebrahim Rahimi, Jamal Mesbah, Mohammad Mousavi ,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (12-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Clostridium perfringens is one of the major agents of food poisoning in humans around the world. This study was accomplished to identify and track the toxins of Clostridium perfringens bacterium in some raw animal food origin products in Shahrekord.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 100 samples of traditional and commercial curd and 43 samples of beef and lamb meats were randomly collected from Shahrekord’s shopping center in 2014. Then to identify the bacteria in samples cultivation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method were used.
Results: In culture method no positive samples were isolated. However, frequency of Clostridium perfringens bacterium in traditional and commercial curd samples and beef and lambs samples have been reported as 6, 10, 25 and 13 percent using PCR method, respectively. Frequency of cpa, cpb, cpe, cpi and etx genes were detected in curd samples were 37.5, 25, 75, 12.5 and 12.5 percent respectively and in meat samples 62, 50, 75.5, 37.5 and 25 percent respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between the prevalence of the bacterium in various samples and their isolated toxins (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: With attention to infection of above food samples to Clostridium perfringens and also its transfer by foodstuffs to human, it is necessary to reduce food pollution of this organism for of public health.

Fariba Razeghi , Masoud Yunesian, Saharnaz Nedjat , Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki ,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (12-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Food handlers have an important role in food contamination. This study determined validity and reliability of the world health organization questionnaires about five essential principles of food safety in food handlers for assessment of their knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP).
Materials and Methods: For standardization, these steps were performed: 1) Getting permission of the world health organization 2) Translating the questionnaire twice in Persian and again in English 3) using expert ideas and determination of inter rated agreement (IRA), relevancy and clarity of each question and the tool as a whole 4) measuring Reliability with Cronbach’s alpha, and repeatability was measured with intra-cluster correlation through repeated test-piloting after 1 month.
Results: Using a conservative approach, the IRA for the overall relevancy and clarity of the tools were 81%, 90% and 90%, and 95%, 95%, 97.5% respectively. The overall Cronbach’s alpha for KAP were 70%, 73%, 99% respectively and the intra-cluster correlation (ICC) that was obtained through comparing the overall score of the questionnaire in the pre-test and test phase were  0.69%, 0.75%,  0.99% respectively.
Conclusion: These new tools have good reliability and validity and they have very important, simple and clear principles of food safety so researchers, managers and food handlers can use them.

Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal , Bahram Nikmanesh, Mohammad Taghi Haghi-Ashtiani , Arash Okazi , Mohammad Kazem Sharifi Yazdi ,
Volume 11, Issue 5 (1-2018)
Abstract

Background and Aim: In today’s world, antibiotic resistance is inevitable. This has been the case since the discovery of antibiotics. The aim of this research is to study serotyping and multiple antibiotic resistance pattern of Shigella sonnei isolated from diarrheal stool of patients hospitalized in Children’s Medical Center in Tehran.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 600  diarrheal  stool specimens were obtained from patients hospitalized  in Children’s Medical Center in Tehran over a period of twelve months. The stool samples were collected in Cary-Blair transport medium and transferred to the laboratory. The identification was carried out according to the standard cultivation method, and the antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kerry Bauer disk method according to with CLSI procedure.
Results: Out of 600 samples, only 18 (3%) were found to be contaminated with Shigella sonnei. The results of  antibiotic resistance patterns of these isolates showed that they were resistant to tetracycline; streptomycin, clindamycin and cortimoxazol. Furthermore, 66.67% of isolates had multiple resistance to tetracycline, cortimoxazol, streptomycin, ticarcillin and clindamycin antibiotics.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that multiple resistance of Shigella sonnei to tested antibiotics is increasing. This  is alarming; necessary steps should be taken to prevent such a phenomenon.

Fatemeh Mohammad Jani , Kumarss Amini,
Volume 11, Issue 6 (3-2018)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus produces many virulence factors, including toxins, immune-modulatory factors, and exoenzymes. The study was performed to determine virulence and resistance-related factors etA, etB, tst, mecA and femA in the S. aureus isolated from clinical samples using Multiplex PCR.
Materials and Methods: In this cross - sectional study, a total 60 S. aureus were collected from the Shariati hospital in Tehran, Iran. Susceptibility test to several antimicrobial agents was performed by disk diffusion agar based on clinical and laboratory standard institute guidelines. After DNA extraction, the multiplex-PCR amplification of the etA, etB, tst, mecA and femA was performed in all the clinical isolates. 
Results: In this study, all isolates (100%) were positive for the presence of femA gene. The highest and lowest resistance rate were related to erythromycin and cefoxitin, respectively. 33.3% (n; 20) and 43.3% (n; 26) of isolates carried in order etb and tst genes. All strains were negative for the eta gene.
Conclusion: Our results showed that, among many virulence factors produced by S. aureus, etb, tst play an important role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections. Results suggested that identification of MRSA strains to be done using cefoxitin disk (in comparison of oxacillin) or PCR for mecA gene.

Majid Sadeghpour, Ehsan Estabraghi , Alireza Mokhtari , Sepideh Reihani ,
Volume 11, Issue 6 (3-2018)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Milk is a suitable environment for most microorganisms. Pollution in the suckling production chain and its implementation result in unsatisfactory sanitation, long-term transportation, and the lack of facilities for storing milk. The purpose of the study was to identify and control the effects of common microorganisms of mast infections and their role in the transmission of diseases with milk as a major contribution to storage and, finally, the transmission of these pathogenic infections to humans.
Materials and Methods: A total of 450 raw milk samples from traditional and industrial plants were collected around the city of Tehran. In order to determine the identity of the bacteria, their transmission to a differential culture, was used standard microbiological methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (Disc diffusion).
Results: The results of biochemical experiments were conducted on 225 isolates from isolation and diagnosis of bacteria in raw milk, antibiotic susceptibility test in accordance with CLSI 2010 standard guidelines. Antibiotics of tylosin and streptomycin with the highest antibiotic resistance were 221 (98.2%) and 217 (96.5%), respectively, which were most susceptible to the tetra delta and ciprofloxacin respectively (0%, 100%) and 15 (6.7%) bacterial resistance cases were observed.
Conclusion: According to the present situation and the results obtained, the level of contamination obtained from traditional and industrial livestock is still high.  Although regular mastitis and infections are commonly found by specialists, but the contamination caused by milking and collecting is higher than normal values. The frequent use of antibiotics and the resulting resistance has provided a very important and controversial problem.

Elham Ranjbar , Kumarss Amini,
Volume 11, Issue 6 (3-2018)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important factors in hospital infections, especially in patients with immune deficiency and Childhood diseases. The Virulence of bacteria are due to the presence of the Pyoverdine gene, which has many effects on the wild type of bacteria during the pathogenic pathway. Identification of different classes of PVD gene is necessary for the development of prevention and control Diseases program. In this research, the presence of PVD genes in the samples and their effect on pathogenicity was isolated and investigated.
Materials and Methods: In the present study 60 Species of P. aeruginosa was isolated from clinical samples of human and animal, after approval by diagnostic tests and differential, were studied. Finally, for every 60 Species, isolated, Multiplex PCR was performed to detect target genes. Multiplex PCR method is to be considered as the gold standard. Its results are more reliable.
Results: The results showed that the frequency of PVD gene in human isolates and livestock gene encoding the 3rd Pyoverdine was the highest frequency with 76.6% the lowest frequency is for Pyoverdine class 2 with 46%.
Conclusion: As a result, the identification of three type’s genes of PVD classes in all strains tested by Pseudomonas could help to identify human patients and livestock with Pseudomonas infection and, given the presence of the gene encoding PVDs, has a direct relation to important bacterial pathogenicity. 

Rashin Bahmanabadi , Mohammad Bagher Khalili , Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal,
Volume 11, Issue 6 (3-2018)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) pathotypes belong to Enterobacteriaceae family that is known as the cause of gastroenteritis and diarrhea in under-5-year-old children. These bacteria have high prevalence in developed and developing countries that may cause severe illness or even death. The aim of this study was to examine EPEC prevalence in diarrheal samples of children under 5 years -- caused by the country’s food -- by PCR method.
Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 45diarrheal samples of children suffering from country food outbreaks were transferred to the Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). E. coli strain was identified using standard methods and biochemical tests. For the detection of Enteropathogenic E. coli, the presence of eae gene was checked by PCR method, and serologic test using specific antiserum (Mast company, England) was checked by agglutination method on slide.
Results: Of the 45 outbreaks, 28 Escherichia coli were identified, among which 1 isolate (3.6%) was identified as E. coli EPEC. This isolate contained eae gene. Based on the serological response of somatic antigen (O) and flagella (H), the isolated Escherichia coli serotype was EPEC O119B14.
Conclusion: Although the prevalence of EPEC E. coli in children’s diarrheal samples from food outbreaks is low, the presence of these isolates is important and should be considered.

Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal, Abolfazl Keshavarz, Ebrahim Kord, Nastaran Ansari, Zamaneh Hajikhezri, Katayoun Samimi-Rad,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (5-2018)
Abstract

Background and Aim: At the present time one of the strategies in vaccine design is generation of fusion proteins containing (including) immunogen of infectious agents and adjuvants. In this study design and construction of E2-fliC fragment as a vaccine candid was conducted by using fliC gene from Salmonella enterica and E2 gene from hepatitis C virus.
Materials and Methods: To prepare the E2-fliC construct, E2 and fliC fragments were first amplified from pBluscript-E2 and pBluscript-fliC, respectively by PCR method. To generate pcDNA-E2-fliC plasmid, E2 was subcloned into plasmid pcDNA3.1 (+) which was extracted from DH5α cells. The fliC sequence was then cloned into the pcDNA3.1-E2. To evaluate the expression of E2-fliC construct, it was inserted into the pEGFP-N3 expression vector. Then COS-7 cells were transfected with pEGFPN3- E2-fliC to evaluate the expression of the fusion protein by observation of the EGFP signal under the fluorescence microscope.
Results: By development of GFP fluorescent using fluorescence microscopy the most expression of E2-fliC construct was observed at 24h after transfection. The accuracy of the recombinant plasmid pcDNA-E2-fliC was confirmed by PCR, restriction enzymes and DNA sequencing.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that E2-FliC fusion protein has expressed efficiently and most likely similar to HCV E2 protein induces immune system of mice after their immunization with pcDNA-E2-fliC.

Ehsan Estabraghi, Majid Sadeghpour, Amir Mehrabani,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Pomegranate skin contains large amounts of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds. Increasing antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli bacteria as a major contributor to urinary tract infections and Staphylococcus 
aureus is a cause of resistance to treatment-resistant infections, a serious need for alternative therapies or compounds that exhibit less resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of Pomegranate extract and inhibit antibiotic resistance of the extract against pathogenic bacteria.
Materials and Methods: After collecting fresh Pomegranate skin, they were dried in a place of sunlight and in shade for 48-72 hours and extraction was done by maceration, in order to determine the minimum level of exposure (Dilution) inhibitor was used from the Muller Hinton Broth and Brain heart Infusion Agar (BHI: Bullet Hit Indicator). The resulting turbidity was measured in a well solution
(microdilution).
Results: The results of microdilution test showed that the growth inhibitory concentration (MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) was equal to dilution of 1.8 to 25 μL from Pomegranate extract for E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The growth inhibitory concentration (MIC) was equal to a dilution of 1.16 times 12.5 μL of Pomegranate extract.
Conclusion:The extract extracted from Pomegranate skin has the most antimicrobial properties in comparison with other cases. This extract has the most antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria from gram-positive bacteria and against E. coli bacteria that is an indicator of fecal contamination. Finally, Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest susceptibility to this extract.

Parichehr Hanachi, Zahra Ghaseminya, Khosro Sadeghniyat, Abolfazl Golestani,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep disorders that, despite the high prevalence, most people are unaware of it. The reason for this disorder is obstruction of the respiratory tract, which reduces blood oxygen as a result of frequent waking during the night. In this study, the status of antioxidant defense was considered as one of the most important mechanisms involved in preventing the consequences of this complication.
Materials and Methods: The 35 subjects of OSA were selected and categorized according to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in two groups: Mild OSA (n=17) and severe OSA (n=18). The fasting blood samples were taken in order to evaluate the antioxidant defense status of the glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) content.
Results: The results showed the mean values for GPx in patients with mild and severe apnea were 36.6±2.2 and 35.3±3.7 (u/gHb), respectively. Also, the mean values for GSH content in patients with mild and severe apnea were 0.54±0.1 and 0.68±0.1 µM, respectively that showed a 23% increase (P˂0.05) in severe apnea patients.
Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the GPx activity of mild apnea, however, patients with severe apnea showed a significant increase in GSH levels compared to mild apnea (P<0.05), which may indicate a long-term response to oxidative stress alters gene expression and increases the level of these biomarkers in a long time.

Maryam Valizadeh, Leila Rouhi, Seyed Hossein Hejazi,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancers and is the second leading cause of death form of cancer in women. In recent years, many scientific and medical studies have shown that Green tea has anti-proliferative, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidant, antibacterial and antiviral effects. Some Green tea polyphenols have anti-cancer activity. In the present study, the effect of Green tea extract was evaluated on the Breast cancer cell line (SK-BR-3) and compared with human fibroblast cell line (HU-02).
Materials and Methods: SK-BR-3 and HU-02 cell lines were treated for 24, 48 and 72 hours with different concentrations of Green tea (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/ml). Then, Bioavailability was analyzed by MTT kit and Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry using an Annexin V-FITS Kit.         
Results: With increasing concentrations of Green tea extract in dose and time dependent manner, bioavailability of cells showed a decrease as compared to control group. Increased incidence of apoptosis was significantly higher in other experimental groups than the control group, while the concentration of 800 μg/ml of Green tea extract was more effective in SKBR3 cell line. Green tea did not show significant effect in HU-02 cells.
Conclusion: Due to the fact that cell proliferation and abnormal apoptosis are one of the main characteristics of cancer cells, Green tea can be used to reduce cell proliferation and increase apoptosis in prevention and treatment of Breast cancer.


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