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Evaluation of Occupational Radiation Status and Validity of Individual Dose and Eye Lens Assessment Using Single Film Dosimeter for Angiographic Staff in Iran
Zahra Danaei, Elahe Jazayeri Gharehbagh, Seyed Mahdi Hosseini Pooya, Samaneh Baradaran,
Volume 14, Issue 5 (Dec & Jan 2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: In angiography, the lens of the eye may be exposed to radiation and cause cataracts. In Iran, at present, only a single film dosimeter is used under the lead-apron to evaluate individual doses. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of occupational radiation as well as the validity of measuring the dose of the whole body of individuals and eye lenses using a single film dosimeter.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the dose of the whole body and eye lenses were measured using a combination of film and thermoluminescence dosimeters for 35 employees of the angiography departments in three selected hospitals under the auspices of Tehran University of Medical Sciences(TUMS). To measure the eye lens dose, three thermoluminescence dosimeter pellets were used on the forehead, and left and right eyes; and to measure the whole body dose using the two-dosimetry method, a TLD card mounted on the chest and on the lead apron and a film dosimeter on the chest and under the lead apron were used.
Results: The angiography personnel's monthly dose mean of the eye lenses and the whole body were approximately 240.6±6.4 μSv and 120.3±3.3 μSv, 
respectively(the corresponding amount for the annual dose is less than the levels recommended by international authorities). In addition, the dose ratio of film badge to whole body and eye  lens was 0.35 and 0.51, with correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.5, respectively. Also, the ratio of eye lens dose to depth dose(TLD) on the lead apron was 1.18 with a correlation coefficient of 0.79.
Conclusion: Using a single film dosimter under the lead apron to estimate the dose of the whole body is almost accurate but this dosimeter alone is not suitable for the assessment of the lens dose of the eye; it is necessary to use an individual dosimeter on the lead apron.
 

Development of the Beyond Activity Based Costing System in Faculty of Management and Medical Informatics of Tabriz: A New Approach for Costing in Higher Education
Javad Mirzaei Nasirabad, Alireza Mahboub Ahari, Mahdi Zeynali, Rasoul Baradaran Hasanzadeh, Mohammad Taghi Bagheri Shadbad,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (Apr & May 2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Traditional costing systems are not efficient enough to calculate up-to-date costs and analyze training costs in education organizations. The present study was conducted with the aim of establishing an activity-based costing system in Tabriz School of Management and Medical Informatics.
Materials and Methods: The current multi-method study was conducted in academic year 2017-2018, aimed to establish cost accounting system which we called Beyond Activity Based Costing System (BABCS). First, using Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN), 3,729 activities inside 384 processes were identified, then illustrated and finalized in Bizagi-Modeler software. Overhead costs, were allocated initially to final activity centers then to cost objects based on the workload and time duration of activities. Data management was conducted in Excel and cost analysis was performed via Dptsco cost accounting platform.
Results: Despite the capability of the ongoing accounting system (Nezam Novin) in registering and description of the budget and spending of the faculty, it still needs to be reviewed and upgraded to achieve the objectives of accrual accounting. The total cost of the faculty in the study year is equal to 61,872,545 thousand Rials, of which 57,159,882 thousand Rials are related to education and 4,812,663 thousand Rials are the share of research activities. Based on the results obtained from the BABCS system, the average cost of each course unit in the college was calculated to be 5,102 thousand Rials and the average cost of student education was calculated to be 356,092 thousand Rials. The maximum and minimum cost of student education related to the field of Master of Management and Reforms in the Health System (MPH) was calculated at 800,130 thousand Rials and the Bachelor of Health Information Technology was calculated at 100,171 thousand Rials.
Conclusion: Tabriz School of Management and Medical Informatics has spent most of its resources on staff salaries and benefits. Establishment of activity-based costing system and its connection with other Portals and database of the university can play an effective role in managing the work flows and improving staff productivity and efficiency of the faculty organization.

Effective dose and thyroid cancer risk in panoramic imaging
Vahid Changizi, Maryam Mohammadi, Samaneh Baradaran, Mehran Taheri,
Volume 15, Issue 4 (oct & Nov 2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: On panoramic radiographs, sensitive organs, including the thyroid, are exposed to radiation. Thyroid cancer is one of the most common cancers in Iran. That is why, in this study the effective dose and risk of thyroid cancer were estimated on panoramic radiography.
Materials and Methods: Seventy GR200 thermoluminescence (TLD) dosimeters were used to estimate the absorbed dose of thyroid. The dosimeters were calibrated and placed on the patients’ necks during panoramic radiography. After dosimeters were read, the mean absorbed dose and effective thyroid dose were calculated in three groups with different radiation conditions. Lifetime Attributable Risk (LAR) of thyroid cancer was estimated using the model presented in the BEIR VII report. GraphPad Prism statistical software was used to analyze the data. 
Results: The mean absorbed dose of thyroid lobes in groups M, L, XL (According to mandibular size) was estimated to be 0.116±0.01, 0.123±0.04 and 0.03±0.134 mg, respectively. The right thyroid lobe in group XL with absorption dose of 0.143±0.05 mg and the left lobe in group M with absorption dose of 0.106±0.03 mg had the highest and the lowest absorption doses, respectively. The difference between the absorbed doses of the right and left thyroid lobes in any of the three groups was not statistically significant. Thyroid absorption doses in these three groups were not statistically significant. The highest risk of thyroid cancer in the age range of 15-60 years was related to the age of 15, which was estimated to be 0.238 in women and 0.042 in men per 100,000 people.
Conclusion: In lower ages and among women, the risk of thyroid cancer is higher than that of men. Also, due to the impossibility of limiting thyroid radiation in panoramic radiography using lead thyroid collar that causes metal artifacts, we should reduce the number of panoramic radiographs as much as possible, especially at lower ages.

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