Journal of

Background: With due attention to the prevalence of thalassemia in Iran and patients' importunate needs for blood intake, this study aimed to inspect contaminations due to repeated blood transfusion which does not sift in blood donation. One such contamination is cytomegalovirus infection, which is an important pathogen in immunosuppressive patients or receivers of transplanted organs.

Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 311 thalassemia patients under age of 15 yr who was receiving blood from Hospitals in Tehran and Noorabad Mamasani repeatedly. To determine active infection (presence of IgM antibodies) of cytomegalovirus, ELISA method was used. In addi­tion, 225 healthy people under age of 15 yr were studied as testified group and finally all data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 11.5.

Results: 12.9 % of patients were positive from the view point of active infection. Regional separation of patients showed that the patients resided in Tehran are more contaminated to this virus than patients of other cities.

Conclusion: The range of cytomegalovirus active infection in thalassemia patients is high. One reason might be the infected blood intake or immunosuppressant (weakness of immune system) in patients, there­fore immunity care of these patients and negative serologic blood intake with respect to and also he­matic parents (parents with the same blood) are important.

 Background and Aim:To assess of human force and population's programming at high level, is very important that we know rates and characteristics of population. Growth of population has direct relationship with fertility rate of women in community. To control of population and arrive to index of N.R.R.(Net reproduction rate) equal to one ,each family must be has one or tow children .Thus ,in families that they have more over tow children, we must be search about factors affected and attempt to reduce of population's growth , until arrive to a stationary population.

Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study upon 500 women that are married and have 45 years old and more in Bushehr. Tow-stage random sampling was used in this study. First, Bushehr divided into 23 hypothesis blocks of 1000 households and thus, 20 points from each of blocks were selected by chance. Also, from each of 20 pointes, 25 families were selected by chance. In this study, a questionnaire was used for collecting of data, that questioners were asked of chief of households. The data was analyzed with SPSS package version 13. To find relationship between variables together and with response variable , was used kendall's tau test and chi-square for trend test. The multiple-logistic regression was used to find factors affected on parity progression ratios.

Results: In this study 181 persons(36.2%) of women had illiterate, 229 persons(45.8%) had primary education and 90 persons(18%) of them had high and more education .The age of the first marriage of 456 persons(91.2 %)  of women were under 25 years old and the age of the first pregnancy of 196(39.2 %) of them were under 20 years old. Probability of arrive to the first child in Bushehr was equal 0.98,and probability of arrive to second, thirst and fourth children was equal 0.92,0.81 and 0.72 respectively. This study shows that the factor like the age of the first marriage of women has a negative effect on PPR (parity progression ratio) from zero to one child, and the factors like the women's education and having a dead child have a positive effect on it. The results indicate that the factor like having a dead child has increasing effect on PPR from one to tow children, and the factors like the women's education, the age of the first pregnancy and marriage have a decreasing effect on it. In this research it is observed that having a dead child has a positive effect on PPR from tow to three children, and the factors like the age of the first pregnancy and marriage, education of women and their husbands have a negative effect on PPR from tow to three children. Also it is observed that sexually and having a dead child has increasing effect on PPR from three to four children, and the factors like, the women's education, job and education of husband , and the age of the first pregnancy of  women have decreasing effect on PPR from three to four children.

Conclusion: The results indicate that probability of arrive to third and fourth children are high. Thus it is show the controlling of family planning in Bushehr dose not good carry out within families belong lately decades.

Background and Aim: The disabled people are a part of our society (1%) and a disabled will face incorrect behaviors from childhood that is caused by an incomplete understanding of the society, but family can play a constructive role to increase the disabled abilities.
This study was conducted to determine the views of deaf, blind and physical motor handicaps and their families regarding disability in the family in the Qazvin and Karaj.

Materials and Methods: One hundered and fifty handicaps and their families from handicaps center, welfare office, the disabled school students, the Mostazafan and Janbazan foundation were enrolled in this study. Information was collected by using 2 questionnaires. T test and Analyses Of Variance have been applied for data analysis, using SPSS software.

Results: The results show that among different disabilities, the deaf ones and their families had more positive view than other disabled ones about their disabilities.
Also, increasing the number of family members can cause more negative view about disability (p<0.05). This study shows that there isn't a significant relationship between the disabled view and his / her gender, cause of disability and parents high education

Conclusion: With regard to the similarity of the disables and their families views about disability and also their need to obtain more awareness about disability, the disable's needs and complications, it is necessary to stress on correct training of disabled person, his/ her family and the society.

Background and Aim: Although vancomycine is used for the treatment of methicillin resistant Staphylococci, but vancomycine alone might not be effective for the treatment of methicillin resistant Staphylococci in compromised host. In the same time antimicrobial activity of cefepim on gram positive bacteria especially Staphylococci is well known. In this study the synergism effect of cefepim and vavcomycin on positive and negative coagulase Staphylococci in vitro condition was investigated.

Materials and Methods: In total, 100 clinical samples of coagulase positive and negative Staphylococci were isolated from urine and blood samples from patients in Imam Khomeini Hospital during one year and identified .The modified Bauer-Kirby were used for the antibiotic susceptibility and macrodilution method for the MIC according to NCCLS procedure.

Results: The results showed that after adding vancomycin to cefepime in concentration from 0.05+ 0.5 , to 0.8+8 , growth reduction reached from 3.5% to 100%.The synergism effect of the two mentioned antibiotics on coagulase negative Staphylococci resistant to methicillin were shown that from concentration of 0.05+ 0.5 to 0.8+8 , a reduction in growth from 4.5% to 100% was observed.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that vancomycin and cefepime has synergic effect on Staphylococci

 Background and Aim: Today, many families either have pets or work in animal husbandry units. It is very important to investigate the mental outcomes of animal care and also to study their keepers’ personality traits. This study aims to perform a comparative examination of owners’ mental health and character specifications or those of animal husbandry units’ personnel.

 Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, about 500 people were selected through available sampling technique. They had contact with animals or worked in a husbandry unit in the suburbs of Tehran. After referring to the veterinary clinic of Tehran University, they were studied using a general health questionnaire and an international personality question bank. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software as well as multivariate and follow-up tests.

Results: The results of the present study show that all general mental health sub-scales except for anxiety are different in these groups. However, no difference was observed regarding responsibility and extroversion. Meanwhile, the adaptability of dog owners was lower than that of sheep owners moreover, cattlemen were more irritable than sheep owners.

Conclusion : In sum, the mental health of pet owners of the present study is at a lower level compared to that of those in other countries. It seems that the difference is due to religious and cultural differences existing between the two.

 Background and Aim: Cream is a rich dairy product with the pH close to neutral and limited preservation capability. Cream is suitable and rich for microbial growth. In the past few decades, there was a great concern in contamination of food products.

 Salmonella and Yersinia species are two important pathogens causing food poisoning and human gastroenteritis. The aim of the present study is to investigate the quality of traditional cream for bacterial contamination.

 Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. In total, 100 unpasteurized cream samples were collected from 5 regions in Tehran. The Salmonella was enriched in Selenite-F broth, and Yersinia in phosphate buffer in two weeks in cold condition according to CDC, and then were inoculated in MacConky and CIN agar for 24 hours. The suspected colonies were examined for phenotype and their identification was confirmed by API-20 E.

 Results:  In general, 29% of tested cream samples were contaminated with at least one kind of bacteria, 3% with Yersinia (1strain Y.enterocolitica, 1 Y.intermedia, 1 frederiksenii), and 2% with Salmonella paratyphi B. The other bacteria like Escheichia coli, Enteobacter, klebsiella, and Citobacter were also isolated. Five samples were contaminated with two kinds of bacteria.

 Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that more quality control should be applied on the cream produced in the city of Tehran by health control office for food products. 

 Background and Aim: Along with the constant increase in world population and consequently, the growing need to provide cellulose, as the most abundant organic substance in nature to produce cellulose products, concerns regarding the possible contamination of these products might cause skin, and genital and urinary infections. The aim of this study is to determine the possible microbial contamination of these products supplied in the city of Tehran.

 Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study on 200 samples of unexpired cellulose products including napkins, nappies, sanitary napkin, and cardboard boxes to carry sweets. Fifty samples were obtained in the city of Tehran during six months from September 2011 to February 2012. Microbial contamination was investigated according to the procedure proposed by the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran.

 Results: The results obtained indicate that 18 samples (9%) exceeded the level allowed for aerobic bacteria and molds in one gram of specimens. Besides, 16 samples (8%) were contaminated with at least one of the following bacteria: Streptococcus Group D, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. A total of 34 samples (17%) could not be consumed. The least and the most contaminated products were sanitary napkins (0.5%) and cardboard boxes to carry sweets (5%), respectively.

 Conclusion: The presence of pathogenic bacteria in cellulose products that could cause skin, and genital and urinary tract infections asks for more control over such sanitary products.

Background and Aim: Infertility is a major problem of modern medicine as it affects almost 20% of reproductive-aged couples. The cause of this problem is attributed to the male partner in nearly 40%-50% of these cases. The role of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in male infertility has been investigated using the sensitive methods. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HSV-1, 2 DNA in the semen, blood and urine of idiopathic infertile men and its association with altered semen parameters.
Materials and Methods: A total of 150 semen, blood and urine samples from infertile men were collected in the Shariati hospital, Tehran (2012-2014). Sample analysis and diagnostic PCR using specific primers was performed for detection of HSV-1, 2 DNA in the specimens.
Results: Analysis showed six groups of infertile men, including HSV-1, 2 positive and negative groups in semen, blood and urine samples. HSV-1, 2 DNA was detected in 38 (18.66%) semens, (6.66%) 10 in blood and 2 (1.33%) in urine. Only HSV-1, 2 positive samples of semen had abnormal semen parameters.
Conclusion: Using a powerful molecular method, we detected a high prevalence of HSV-1, 2 DNA in the semen of asymptomatic infertile patients. Although HSV-1, 2 infections were not associated with motility and morphology defects of the sperms, it was related with decreased sperm count in the semen fluid. In addition there was not a significant role for detection of HSV-1, 2 DNA in blood and urine samples of infertile men and abnormal semen parameters.