Journal of

Background and Aim: The benefits of a unique computerized medical records and communication equipments is utilized to collect, storage, process, extract and relate to patient care information and management information. If this utilization is in accordance with the needs of managers and staff of medical records, many of the nation's health system problems will be dissolved. Information systems in health supply system by compiling, analyzing and publishing data provide utilization of information improve the health of the society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of clinical information systems in general hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences based on available clinical information system in these hospitals.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study is an application study that conducted in order to determine the process of clinical information system in general hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences based on available clinical information in these hospitals. The required data have been collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data.

Results: With regard to the current condition and the importance of survey of the process of clinical information system in the studied hospitals, the authors provided the desired checklist in general hospitals with studying the related system in America, Australia and England countries, on the basis of country requirements in the form of clinical information system processes. We studied clinical information system processes in departments of admission, filling and retrieving, statistical and coding and also soft wares in this department.

Discussion and Conclusion: It is necessary to create a coordinated and integrated clinical information system with suitable process and empower experts in the field of proper use of data with regard to the position of information system in each organization and its fundamental role in the adoption of accurate policies. We found that relative frequency of clinical information system processes is more than 60% in this department and clinical information system elements was observed 75% in all the departments except admission.

Background and Aim: Annually, large amounts of fees that paid by hospitals will not be reimbursed as deductions by health insurances and takes irreparable financial losses to hospitals. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of deductions imposed on hospital bills of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and their causes related to documentation.

Materials and Methods: The present research was a cross-sectional and descriptive study performed in year 2009 on educational hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All deductions reports related to Medical Services and Social Insurance related to year 2008 was collected from Income Unit of hospitals. The amount of deduction of each hospital was extracted and organized in the form of comparative tables. Data was analysed by descriptive statistics and Excel application. Then, the amount, type and causes of annually deduction of each hospital was determined.

Results: Most deductions imposed on inpatient bills have been related to the tests, appliances, medicine, residency, surgeon commission, and anesthesia and for outpatient bills have been related to visit, tests and medicine which most of them have been created due to documentation deficiencies.

Conclusion: Most of deductions are due to unfamiliarity of care staff with documentation requirements of insurance organizations. Therefore it is necessary to use a multi-aspect mechanism including education of documentation principles to staff, supervision on record control in the Medical Record Unit and establishment of a committee by university for related activities.

Background and Aim: Urban health is one of the challenges of the 21st century. Rapid growth and expanding urbanization have implications for health. In this regard, information technology can remove a large number of modern cities' problems. Therefore, the present article aims to study modern information technologies in the development of urban health.

Materials and Methods: This is a review article based on library research and Internet searches on valid websites such as Science Direct, Magiran, Springer and advanced searches in Google. Some 164 domestic and foreign texts were studied on such topics as the application of ICT tools including cell phones and wireless tools, GIS, and RFID in the field of urban health in 2011. Finally, 30 sources were used.

Conclusion: Information and communication technologies play an important role in improving people's health and enhancing the quality of their lives. Effective utilization of information and communication technologies requires the identification of opportunities and constraints, and the formulation of appropriate planning principles with regard to social and economic factors together with preparing the technological, communication and telecommunications, legal and administrative infrastructure

Background and Aim: If the evaluation is done from the perspective of users, Successful development of measures and features related to use and implementation of hospital information system and identify areas that need further consideration is to be provided. The main purpose of this study was assessment the views of physicians and nurses of hospital information system identify the effective criteria for the use of it and their satisfaction.

Materials and Methods: Present research is a descriptive cross-sectional study and was applied in public- education hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2012- 2013. The main tool was a questionnaire prepared by reviewing relevant literature in databases Iranmedex, Magiran, SID, PubMed, Science direct, Google scholar, and surveys by experts. In order to determine the validity, a questionnaire was distributed among 5 experts in the area of ​​information technology. After completion of the questionnaires, results were analyzed using software SPSS17.

Results: Information systems in half of the hospitals surveyed from the perspective of research community have an average of 30 - 60 percent capabilities in order management. Also users in all surveyed hospitals with more than 43 % agree the ease of using hospital systems.

Conclusion : User satisfaction is a guarantee for the implementation of information system. To improve the situation and move towards the ideal condition we suggest users needs in hospital information systems should be considered. Also design and system should be Compatible with the skills and knowledge of users as possible.

 Background and Aim: The applicability of any technology to enter a certain field is determined by defining the advantages and disadvantages of the system in that field. The aim of this study is to show the advantages and limitations of using speech recognition systems in health care and providing practical solutions to improve the acceptability of the system in that field.

 Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive research with a review method that employs library resources and online databases such as Proquest, Pubmed, Science Direct, Ovid and Scientific Information databases using key words like speech recognition software, health care, benefits, barriers, and solutions.

 Results: Speech recognition system has many advantages like increased accuracy of medical documentation, and reduced documentation time. It is a tool for data entry into electronic health records. However, there are several limitations in applying the system in Iran, such as the lack of definition of database system and the high cost of hardware and software.

 Conclusion: Considering the study results in relation to the benefits and limitations of systems in healthcare area, solutions such as production of a national integrated database for the exchange of health information, improving database to increase the accuracy of word recognition, and training the users of the system can reduce the limitations of the system to some extent. Also, in the country’s movement towards the implementation of electronic health records and the users’ need to enter data into the computer, the software is a good alternative to keyboard and mouse input.

Background and Aim: Computerized physician order entry system is the process of entering orders electronically. It is a replacement for manual system and is considered as a part of a clinical information system. The appropriate design of this system leads to the enhancement of its capabilities, ensures orders accurately and comprehensively, and transfers information to different parts rapidly. Therefore, transfer time and the error related to the wrong path or misinterpretations will be omitted; in the end, efficiency will increase. This study aims to present different perspectives on design principles of computerized physician order entry system for stakeholders.
Materials and Methods: In this review article, Google, Google Scholar, Pub Med, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched with some keywords related to design principles of computerized physician order entry system.
Results: Based on the performed studies, factors such as inappropriate design of links, display page, set of orders content, drug database, structure of order environment, rules, formats, mechanism of getting reports of errors, and finally clinical decision support system have led to the decrease of doctors’ performance, increase of new errors, and reduction of patients’ safety.
Conclusion: Inappropriate design leads to the increase of new errors after the implementation of system; therefore, proper and principled design of this system can lead to the improvement of practitioners’ function, decrease of prescription errors and drug side effects, reduction of costs, efficiency increase, workflow 

Background and Aim: The objective of this study was to design electronic card of health for schizophrenic patients to better manage their clinical information.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted year 2014. The population of the study included 40 psychiatrists. The information, based on minimal clinical and demographic data, was gathered through field study and survey using a questionnaire. Referential and inferential statistics techniques were used to analyze the data.  To schizophrenic patients' electronic health cards, various software were studied to design database, card and card reader.
Results: According to the results and observed frequencies, it was confirmed that the components of demographic and clinical information be inserted in the electronic card of health. The project includes hardware of card reader machine, card and visual studio software. Microsoft SQL Server, 2008, was applied to design database. 
Conclusion: The electronic card of health for schizophrenic patients helps the treatment team to provide effective health care as well as medical records and hospital admission's staff in better management of patient information. It also reduces the problems of relatives and family members of the patients in the medical centers and facilitates, and the process of treatment of schizophrenic patients significantly. Using schizophrenia patient’s electronic health card, hospital in better management of patient information puts in good condition. 

Background and Aim: The most important issues that always absorb accuracy and effort of hospital, is the mastery and control over the financial status for the hospital resources management. In all countries, the medical centers are considered as a vital community resource and must be managed in line with the interests of society. Hence, these studies aimed to investigate the causes of insurance deductions and were made to assist hospital administrators in reducing the deductions against them. 
Materials and Methods: This descriptive research is retrospective study in year 2012. The study population consisted of 100 insurance experts deployed in insurance centers (including Health care’s, Social security, Armed forces, Help Committee) from which 25 experts were randomly selected from each Insurance Center. Researcher madden questionnaire was used to collect data. For validating of questionnaire justifiability, questionnaire was provided to insurance expert, professors and ambiguities were resolved. Test-retest procedure was used to ensure the Stability of the questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed and classified using Excel software.
Results: These findings indicate that between all parts of surgery wards deductions are the highest (%45/55), and between surgery wards, orthopedics surgery had the highest amount of deductions (%40/75).
Conclusion: Healthcare provider should be more careful and minimize documentation errors in reporting and documentation. Also the hospital administrators for reducing deductions against patient records must provide educational course for correct documentation.