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Educational Services Quality Gap: Perspectives Of Educational Administrators, Faculty Members And Medical Students
Zohreh Sohrabi , Zahra Majidi ,
Volume 7, Issue 5 (1-2014)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Recognition of expectations and perceptions of customers is essential for quality improvement . The aim of this study was to determine the quality gap of educational services in the viewpoints of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) educational administrators, faculty members and medical students.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at TUMS in 2012 among educational administrators, faculty members and students of medicine. A total of 384 students, 384 faculty members and 83 administrators were selected randomly. The five-dimensional SERVQUAL questionnaire was applied for data collection. The educational services quality gap was determined based on the differences between administrators , faculty members and students΄ perceptions and expectations. Descriptive and analytic (one-way ANOVA) statistics were performed using SPSS v.18.

Results: The results show that there is a negative quality in all five dimensions of educational services quality. Among all three groups of students, faculty members and administrators, the maximum means of quality gap pertained the dimension of “responsiveness” (-1.42,-1.17,-1.09, respectively) the minimum figures, however, were related to “confidence” (-1.07,-0.87,-0.77, respectively).

Conclusion : In all aspects, students, faculty members and administrators’ expectations were higher than their perception of the current situation. To reduce the gap, it is recommended that attention be paid to all aspects of service quality, particularly to the responsiveness dimension. Also, better planning to serve employees and enhancing their communication skills are suggested as ways to reduce the educational services quality gap.


The role of inflammation in the development of complications caused by COVID-19: A Review Study
Alireza Monadi Sefidan, Ziba Majidi,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (Oct 2022)
Abstract
Background and Aim: It is important to understand how inflammation caused by COVID-19 affects patients and leads to more complications and diseases. According to the importance of controlling COVID-19 related complications, the current study was designed to evaluate the inflammation caused by COVID-19 and its related complications. 
Materials and Methods: The present study is a review study. Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of science, Scopus and Google scholar databases. Finally, according to the purpose of the study, the relevant resources were selected by the researchers and a summary of their results was presented in this study.
Results: The present study showed that SARS-CoV-2 viruses enter their genome into the host cell after entering the cell by the spike protein (S) and the important receptor of coronavirus, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE - 2), and causes the onset of cytokine storms and consequently increase of primary cytokines involved in inflammation. IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1 cytokines are key factors; These factors in turn activate macrophages, dendritic cells (DC) and other immune cells. Studies revealed that the inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 in the liver by inducing IL-6 activates the JAKs/STAT3 pathway, whose receptor is only found in the liver and immune cells, and causes cytokine release syndrome. Cytokines also cause the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion, and nitric oxide, so that all of them can damage myocardial cells and cause insulin resistance and diabetes. In addition, the increase of inflammatory cytokines such as IL4, IL10 and IL6 and immune cells lead to cardiac disorders such as arrhythmia. The entry of the virus into the digestive system reduces the bacteria secreting butyrate (with anti-inflammatory effects) and leads to the induction of severe inflammation. Also, corona virus causes obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression and other neurological disorders by increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the activity of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO).
Conclusion: Studies have shown that the inflammation caused by COVID-19 plays an important role in the development of the related complications such as disorders in the digestive, hepatic, cardiac, neurologic, pancreas systems and other organs. Therefore, targeting cytokines can potentially improve survival and reduce mortality. 
 

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