Journal of

 Background and Aim: : Technical knowledge of managers of health care industry regarding budgeting have an essential function on increased efficiency of organizations working in this sector, since every single right decision, rely on appropriate knowledge and analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was assessment of technical knowledge of managers of health care system regarding budgeting.

 Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive  -analytic, cross- sectional study. From 80 managers of Tabriz Medical Sciences University 63 participated in the study and a questionnaire was employed to collect data. Data was analyzed by Spss 16 software, Pearson correlation test, T test and ANOVA.

 Results: Mean of total scores was 16.9±4.6 of 30. There was no significant difference between total scores in different courses (P=0.276) and positions (P=0.431). Mean of total scores between women and men (P=0.782) were the same.

 There weren't significant relation between technical knowledge of managers with age (p=0.392, r=0.1), job background (p=0.299, r=0.1) and management background (p=0.121, r=0.2).

 Conclusion: With respect to low level of manager's awareness about budgeting,improving of technical knowledge is essential. Lack of significant relation between technical knowledge of managers and their length of management practices, with unstable situation, may harm seriously organizational achievements. Reviewing and promotion of educational programs and continuous training of managers with respect to budgeting seems to be an essential need for improving manager's performance.

Background and Aim: The analysis of patients’ safety clinical indicators is considered as one of the safety improvement instruments. Therefore, the present study is aimed to analyze the indices of safety clinical services in selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).

Materials and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 11 TUMS hospitals in 2013. The study tool was the patient safety evaluation protocol of the World Health Organization (WHO). A checklist was completed following interviews, observations, and documentation reviews. The data were analyzed with descriptive and analytical tests, and SPSS software version 13.

Results: The average scores of the studied hospitals were 96.6, 85.6 and 66 for the required, basic and advanced indices, respectively. The figure was not acceptable in required standards, but it was acceptable in basic and advanced ones. In the studied hospitals, numbers 7, 2, 4, 11, and 9 enjoyed the highest amount of conformity with standard, and were placed in rank 2 according to the ranking protocol. Finally, there was no meaningful statistical difference among hospitals in their observance of standards.

Conclusion: Conformity with necessary standards was low in 6 studied hospitals, but in 5 hospitals, it was acceptable in basic and advanced standards. Hospitals need enhancement programs in statements of information management system, drugs management system, infection reduction system, and effective clinical system.

Background and Aim: Caring about workers is important due to protect human capital and economic growth. Understanding health priorities is one of the main challenges of health management. The aim of this research was to priorities health promotion behaviors of female workers.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 2012 and had a triangulation design with sequential qualitative-quantitative method based on "integrated model of planned behavior and self-efficacy". In the qualitative phase of the study, a content analysis approach was done  to develop the questionnaire, based on the model and psychometric properties were assessed. Then, the educational intervention was conducted in an experimental study with randomized sampling in 70 female workers (35 intervention group, 35 controls). The pretest and posttest was compared.

Results: Content analysis demonstrated 6 main themes, including the main constructs of the research model: attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, self-efficacy, intention and behaviour in 4 domain (nutrition, exercise, cervical and breast cancer screening, cope with stress). Scale level content validity index was 0.93. Confirmatory factor analysis showed CFI=0.97, GFI=0.95, IFI=0.96, NNFI=0.98, NFI=0.97, RMSEA=0.05. Concurrent validity versus the Health-promoting lifestyle profile II showed r=0.60. Cronbach alpha was 0.75–0.93 across the subscales. Test–retest reliability revealed no significant differences.After educational intervention there was a significant increase in attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, intention and behavior of female workers in intervention group. Also, effect of intervention program was mostly in self-efficacy construct.

Conclusion: With regards to working conditions economic and socio-cultural barriers in female workers, health policy making is essential in this group to promote health

Background and Aim: Cosmetic surgery rhinoplasty, has dramatically been increased during the last two decades. This study aims to explore its effects on the quality of life of individuals gone under the surgery.

Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical study which was performed as a cross-sectional study. From all plastic surgery clinics in Teheran, 25 clinics were selected randomly as the site of study. In the next step 110 patients undergone rhinoplasty were selected randomly from these clinics. Collected data was analyzed by Spss17.

Results: Findings revealed that, the mean score of quality of life before and after surgery was statistically significant. While mean score of general benefits increased the score of social support and physical health was decreased after the surgery. The most motivating factors for surgery were external factors. In addition there was a positive correlation between quality of life and the time of interview. Also the mean cost of surgery was increased.

Conclusion: Overall quality of life among study population was decreased. It could be because of unnecessary surgeries, medical errors, and etc. The reduction for social support may be resulted from unacceptable consequences of rhinoplasty particularly in terms of appearance. Physical health of respondents was negatively affected by rhinoplastiy surgery. Malfunctions of upper respiratory system after rhinoplastiy surgery is known as the main reason for it. Correlations between the times of surgery and interview suggest a long term assessment of impacts of such surgeries.

Background and Aim: Conflict, is a natural and inevitable phenomenon in any organization. Nursing organizations, especially due to environmental stresses, nature of work, variety of interaction, responsibilities and staff are vulnerable to conflict. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of conflict, cause of conflict and conflict management strategies among nurses in selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in 2013.
Materials and Methods: This research is cross-sectional and descriptive - analytic study. The research sample included 240 nurses at four hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. In order to measure conflict level dubrins conflict level questionnaire and for measure conflict management Robins conflict management strategies were used, for survey to accept or reject the study hypothesis, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests with SPSS software was performed.
Results: Results showed that the nurse's conflict level was located at average level. Factors relating nurse practitioner frequent cause of conflict, identified strategies of conflict management were solution orientation, non-intervention, control, In the present study  conflict level had showed significant statistical relation with age of nurses (p=0.048). 
Control strategy had showed significant statistical relation with age (p=0.006) and work experience (p=0.024). Solving oriented strategy had showed significant statistical relation with age (p=0.02).
Conclusion: Conflict is a two-dimensional phenomenon, conflict can be both positive and negative results, how to deal with conflict, it is crucial for consequences.