Journal of

Background and Aim: The Emergency Medical services(EMS) is a community-based health management system that has coordinated with the entire health care system and the employees are the most important asset of it. The purpose of this study was to identify the stressful factors that cause dissatisfaction of employee in the pre-hospital EMS in Kerman.

Materials and Methods: This study was a qualitative study and sampling was targeted. Acception criteria for the study was more than three years of experience as a technician operating in urban and road sites in the EMS. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 personnels and data was analyzed using "frame structured analysis" was used.

Results: This study identified four main axis and fifteen sub axis. The main issues related to the tensions and dissatisfaction include the employees personal problems, organizational problems, poor coordination, and problems with the community.

Conclusion: Considering Psychotherapy for staff and the creation of job rotation between the bases are the constructive suggestions for improving employee performance and improve the system of EMS is Kerman.

Background and Aim: Transforming government hospitals into autonomous units improved hospitals. This study was performed to evaluate the responsiveness of board of trustees hospital according to the world bank’s organizational reform model (Preker Model) in isfahan city.

Materials and Methods: The study was a qualitative research method. In this research, depth and semi-structured interviews were carried out and purposive sampling was used.

The study population were top managers of Amin and Alzahra hospitals . Sampling was started with the first participant until saturated level of information, participants completed the 8 cases.

Results: According to interviews, the current role and contribution of non-university institutions (e.g. municipalities representatives) in hospital board of trustees is neither bold nor transparent. These hospitals can address minimum changes in their mechanisms of accountability after developing board of trustees.

Conclusion : It is rational for hospitals as they undergo organizational reform and developing board of trustees, to have more rights for decision making. Further more, their accountability mechanism should change accordingly.

Background and Aim: The use of probiotics has been surveyed in different studies. For example, many researches have been conducted on immunity, cancer and embryonic cells proliferation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a rather slower growth and a more limited number of passages. In this research, the effect of supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LS) as one of the most commonly used probiotics on the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells has been studied with the aim of increasing their proliferation for the treatment of patients in need of transplantation using mesenchymal stem cells.

Materials and Methods: The MSCs separated from rats’ bone marrow were led to bone and fat levels in the second passage, and their mesenchymal state was confirmed. The cells were then treated by the supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LS) and MRS broth medium, which have been separated in advance. The number of cells was examined by MTT test equated with the standard.

Results: A curve was drawn for the cells’ growth in different amounts and the number of cells was obtained by converting the results of MTT test to a standard curve. For statistical analyses, SPSS and ANOVA were employed.

Conclusion: The findings show the double effect of LS on the weak effect of MRS broth medium. The use of supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LS) can be a practical and economical method for increasing the proliferation of MSCs isolated from bone marrow.

Background and Aim: E-learning would provide learners with this opportunity. In this study we compared self regulation and academic achievement in traditional and virtual students.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study among 49 face to face and virtual master students of virtual school of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2015, in which the O Nil & Hong’s valid and reliable questionnaire was used to assess self regulation. Also we assessed academic achievement by students' courses mean scores. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21. 
Results: Forty seven students participated in the study. There was no difference between groups considering sex and age. Traditional and virtual students' scores were significantly different only in the “self assessment” factor (P-value= 0.050). There was no difference in other factors of self regulation or academic achievement.
Conclusion: Results of this study showed that e-learning is at least as effective as face to face teaching. On the other hand in some cases has more effects on self regulation factors. So considering e-learning advantages, it is recommended to be used as a suitable substitute.