Journal of

Background and Aim: Chronic myelogenous leukemia is characterized by Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, the presence of BCR-ABL fusion gene and constitutive activation of the ABL1 tyrosine kinase. Despite an excellent result of target therapy by imatinib, some patients develop resistance to imatinib. In this study Efficacy of HESA-A on proliferation and apoptosis of K562 cell line was assessed.

Materials and Methods: In this study doubling time of K562 cell line was calculated. The cells were affected by various concentrations of HESA-A(1,2,4 and 8 mg/ml respectively). Cytotoxicity and IC50 dose of HESA-A were detected by MTT and trypan blue exclusion assay. Apoptosis was assessed by flowcytometry after 48 h cell treatment in the presence of IC50 dose.

Results: Doubling time of K562 cells was 24 hours. HESA-A reduced the number of viable K562 cells in a concentration dependent manner.IC50 dose was 3.5 mg/ml. In flowcytometry analysis of apoptosis, 19.22% of the treated cells were located in the position of the necrotic cells.

Conclusion: The results of MTT and trypan blue exclusion assay suggest that HESA-A inhibits the growth of k562 cells in a concentration dependent manner and induces necrosis in K562 cells.

Background and Aim: Dental caries in children caused by repeatable consumption of sweet product especially at night, that itself mostly depend on economic and cultural background of the society and family.
One of the most common diseases of human being is dental caries, which are caused by many factors, such as microorganisms, dieting, passing time, and the host itself. Among the microorganisms Streptococci mutants play the major role in causing dental caries. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of Streptococci mutants in dental caries between two groups of children sensitive and resistance to caries.

Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional research, in which 120 children(60 susceptible and 60 resistance) aged between 3 to 5 referred to Tehran University dental school were selected randomly. The selection criteria for the sensitive and resistance dental caries were dmfs > 5 and dmfs < 10 respectively. None of the groups had used any drug or fluoride products before sampling. Saliva of both groups were collected, and transferred to the specific culture media(Mitis Salivarious Agar). After incubation at 37 oC colonies of S.mutans were counted.

Results: There was a significant difference between the number of colony counting(cfu/ml) with age and consumption of repeated sugar product, while. there was no significant difference between(cfu/ml) sex, oral hygiene, and nutrition period during infancy.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the consumption of sugar product in childhood results in dental carries.

 Background and Aim: Today, many families either have pets or work in animal husbandry units. It is very important to investigate the mental outcomes of animal care and also to study their keepers’ personality traits. This study aims to perform a comparative examination of owners’ mental health and character specifications or those of animal husbandry units’ personnel.

 Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, about 500 people were selected through available sampling technique. They had contact with animals or worked in a husbandry unit in the suburbs of Tehran. After referring to the veterinary clinic of Tehran University, they were studied using a general health questionnaire and an international personality question bank. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software as well as multivariate and follow-up tests.

Results: The results of the present study show that all general mental health sub-scales except for anxiety are different in these groups. However, no difference was observed regarding responsibility and extroversion. Meanwhile, the adaptability of dog owners was lower than that of sheep owners moreover, cattlemen were more irritable than sheep owners.

Conclusion : In sum, the mental health of pet owners of the present study is at a lower level compared to that of those in other countries. It seems that the difference is due to religious and cultural differences existing between the two.

 Background and Aim: One of the most important reasons why organizations are distinguished from each other is the extent to which each applies information technology. Among the most important factors playing a role in the application of information technology are organizational factors such as organizational resources, organizational knowledge, processes, management structure, values and goals all these elements affect the level of information technology acceptance and application. Therefore, this study aims to determine the degree to which the above-mentioned elements can affect the application of information technology by middle managers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) teaching hospitals.

 Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study conducted in 2010. The subjects comprised 110 middle managers of TUMS teaching hospitals. The data-collection instrument was a questionnaire structured by the researchers, and its validity and reliability were confirmed prior to the study. The response rate was 80%.

 Results: The participants consisted of 56 (62.9%) males and 33 (37.1%) females. The findings of the study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between organizational resources, organizational knowledge, processes, management structure, values and goals on the one hand and the application of information technology in TUMS hospitals on the other (p<0.01).

 Conclusion: The results show that organizational factors have a considerable impact on the application of information technology. Besides, managers and experts should consider the important aspects and effects of these organizational factors.

 Background and Aim: Strategic thinking plays a very important role in guarding organizational survival and increasing development in today's dynamic and changing environment. One of the elements of strategic thinking is systemic thinking, which forms the conceptual framework to solve issues in an organization. This study aims to determine the ability of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) senior managers to stick to systemic thinking based on Friedrik Goldman’s model.

Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive- analytic study conducted on a sample of 100 TUMS senior managers in 2010. The data collection instrument was a standard questionnaire on systemic thinking, the response rate of which turned out to be 97%. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed prior to its distribution. SPSS software was used for data analysis. To this end, single sample t-test and Friedman statistical methods were also applied.

Results: The findings revealed that the ability of systemic thinking was optimal among most TUMS senior managers.

Conclusion : Enhancing and strengthening systemic thinking among TUMS senior managers are suggested, especially regarding omniscient and multi-end approach.

Background and Aim: Employees suggestion plan (ESP) is designed to encourage and improve employees’ participation in developmental planning. The establishment of this system needs cultural, individual and structural preparedness. This study is aimed to determine organizational preparedness in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).

Materials and Methods: This research was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study conducted in TUMS headquarters in Tehran, Iran. The heterogeneous sample of this study consisted of 155 employees. They were asked to fill out a researcher-made questionnaire to assess their attitude towards organizational preparedness for ESP establishment. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. The data were analyzed by SPSS, and descriptive results were presented. The data were also analyzed by Friedman and ANOVA statistical methods.

Results: Most of the employees had a positive attitude towards the existence of individual and cultural preparedness for ESP establishment in TUMS. However, they believed the desired structural preparedness for this process did not exist.

Conclusion : The desired organizational preparedness for ESP establishment exists in TUMS, although structural preparedness is not desirable. Therefore, it is suggested that necessary modifications should be made in TUMS organizational structure for effective ESP implementation.

Background and Aim: Today, healthcare system is exposed to inappropriate human resources distribution challenges in all over the world. So far there is not an appropriate policy for human resources distribution in Iran. This deficiency may cause several problems for providing healthcare services. This research was aimed to determine the situation of human resources distribution among Tehran University Of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Hospitals.

Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional definitive study induced in four general and special TUMS hospitals. The research tool was a checklist that determine the number of nurses, paraclinic and supportive employees and finally the decrease and increased of the human resources among the departments of the hospitals regarding Iranian Ministry of Health (MOH) issues. The data was collected and analyzed by SPSS software and determined the differences between current situation in accordance to MOH issues.

Results: We observed the deficiency of human resources among all studied hospitals. Also the distribution of human resources among most of the hospitals departments was not coordinated with MOH issues.

Conclusion : It seems the distribution of human resources among Iranian healthcare system is not followed by a special model. Therefore, we suggest the model of health human resources planning should be determined and related by information, providers, services, education and policy as healthcare system factors and overlapping of these factors.

 Background and Aim: One of the most important factors to present successful managers is general health. If managers have not highly general health, then they will encounter many problems. Therefore, this research is aimed to induce the general health among Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals’ administrators. 

 Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, deceptive and analytical study was conducted among 25 Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals administrators in Tehran, Iran. The research tool was general health questionnaire developed by Goldberg and Hillier to assess the administrators general health and its demographic details. Data was analyzed by SPSS software and using analytic statistical methods.

 Results: The results of this study showed that the hospitals administrators had normal range of general health. Also, there was significant correlation between anxiety with physical dysfunctions, and depression with physical dysfunctions, and anxiety with social functions.

 Conclusion: The rate of general health among TUMS hospitals administrators is higher than the other mangers compared with similar studies in Iran and out of Iran. Therefore, we suggest periodic medical examination, general health training, and consultant services to develop or maintain the general health among healthcare managers.

 Background and Aim: The quality of health record depends on the quality of its content and proper documentation. Minimum data set makes a standard method for collecting key data elements that make them easy to understand and enable comparison. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum data set for Iranian athletes’ health records.

 Materials and Methods: This study is an applied research of a descriptive - comparative type which was carried out in 2013. By using internal and external forms of documentation, a checklist was created that included data elements of athletes health record and was subjected to debate in Delphi method by experts in the field of sports medicine and health information management.

 Results: From 97 elements which were subjected to discussion, 85 elements by more than 75 percent of the participants (as the main elements) and 12 elements by 50 to 75 percent of the participants (as the proposed elements) were agreed upon. In about 97 elements of the case, there was no significant difference between responses of alumni groups of sport pathology and sports medicine specialists with medical record, medical informatics and information management professionals.

 Conclusion: Minimum data set of Iranian athletes’ health record with four information categories including demographic information, health history, assessment and treatment plan was presented. The proposed model is available for manual and electronic medical records.

Background and Aim: Personality testing is one of the most factors for selection of the managers. If the managers select by their personality traits and its compatibility with their jobs specifications, organizational productivity will increase. Therefore, this research is aimed to determine the managers` personality traits compatibility with managerial positions in Tehran University of Medical Sciences faculties.

Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical research which induced among 34 faculties, deans and vice chancellors of Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2012-2013. The research society was selected by census technic. For research tool, Bass, Aldrich and Valenzia personality questionnaire that consisted of 27 questions was used. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data was collected by SPSS software to prepare the descriptive findings, and for analysis of data, one sample T test and Anova method were used.

Results: All of managers of TUMS faculties presented all personality traits based on Bass questionnaire. Although, introvert specification was the most personality traits among this managers. There was significant correlation between brave personality trait with the type of the faculties managers.

Conclusion: Only half of the faculties managers presented management traits compatible with their jobs. Therefore, we suggest management personality preemployment testing should be examined before the staffing of the selected managers for administration of the faculties.

Background and Aim: Scientific and technological developments have promoted the status of organizational learning as a reasonable way to deal with the present changing circumstances. The development of organizational learning improves the performance of employees, and makes them feel satisfied. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational learning capabilities among the employees of Tehran hospitals.

Materials and Methods This descriptive, analytical study was conducted among 290 employees in 2014 in Tehran hospitals. For data collection, a three-part questionnaire (including demographic characteristics, Gomez`s Organizational Learning Capability Questionnaire and Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire) was given to 290 employees. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-20 software with Spearman test.

Results: Mean scores of organizational learning capability and job satisfaction were (3.03± 0.61) and (2.8± 0.61), respectively. Among the dimensions of organizational learning capability, the highest score pertained to systematic perspective (3.29± 0.78); regarding job satisfaction, the highest score was related to organizational climate (3.23± 0.1). The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the dimensions of organizational learning capability and job satisfaction. Also, a significant correlation was observed between organizational learning capabilities and job satisfaction.

Conclusion: Organizational learning improves the performance of employees and is positively correlated with their satisfaction. Also, employee satisfaction is one of the factors affecting their performance. Therefore, managers can make employees satisfied and develop their organization through improving organizational learning.

Background and Aim: Today, regarding the role of accurate final information, and decision-making, designing and implementation of a sound costing system that can detect, identify and calculate the exact cost of the delivered services is of great importance. The aim of this study is to estimate the final cost of student education in the School of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, through Activity-Based Costing method in 2013.

Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive and applied study. The study population included School of Allied Medicine. The consumed costs in financial year 2012-2013 was investigated with costs classification, and finalized costs by activity based costing method. After identification of calculated costs and changed to allocation costs, The accumulated costs according to shared basic principle was given to all of delivered services. Finally, the finalized costs for student education based on the number and kind of courses collected and calculated by Excel software 2010.

Results: The results indicated that the final cost for student education in PhD-level was 118,312,679 Rials, which was the highest amount, and was 76,714,824 Rials in MSc. level, and the lowest amount was related to BSc. student as 42,312,537 Rials.

Conclusion: Paying attention to activity-based costing system with complete flexibility reveals the drawbacks of the traditional programs used by universities. The reason for higher costs in higher levels is due to the fewer number of students, particular facilities in these level and their own special expenses

Background and Aim: Organizational productivity and efficiency depends on staff members’ job satisfaction and performance. Without the participation of staff members, hospitals cannot play an important role in promoting the society’s health. This study aimed to determine staff’s job satisfaction in a teaching hospital of Tehran university of Medical Sciences (TUMS).
Materials and Methods: This descriptive, analytical cross-sectional research was conducted on 172 staff members of a teaching hospital, who had been selected through random sampling. The data-collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the clinical governance department members and Cronbach’s alpha reliability estimate turned out to be 0.88. 
Results: Para-clinical and service employees getting the mean scores of 72.55 and 70.71 demonstrated desired job satisfaction; nursing and administrative-financial staff members, however, showed a relatively desired job satisfaction with mean scores of 60.04 and 53.52, respectively; and the difference between job groups was significant (p=0.02) regarding job satisfaction. The highest job satisfaction figure was related to job success and the lowest pertained to the nature of the job. There was a meaningful relationship between job satisfaction on the one hand and staff members’ gender, marital status, and type of employment on the other.
Conclusion: Staff’s job satisfaction in the studied hospital has increased due to the establishment of Iran’s Healthcare Reform Plan at the beginning of 2014. However, compared with other job groups, nurses are less satisfied; therefore, it is necessary to improve nursing job satisfaction through timely payments based on job performance and difficulty level.

Background & Aim: One of the most important and useful models for assessing hospital performance is the Pabon Lasso Model, a graphical model that determines the relative performance of hospitals using three indicators: 1. Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR); 2. Bed turnover (BTO); 3 Average Length of Stay (ALS). The aim of this research is to investigate the performance of the hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Iran during the year 2011 based on the Pabon Lasso Model.

Materials & Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted in 2011.  All the 16 hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences formed the study population. Data was analyzed by Excel software and Pabon lasso model.

Results: The following average results for each performance indicator were obtained: Average Length of Stay (ALS) = 6.55 days. Bed Occupancy Rate (BOR) = 74.151% and Bed Turnover (BTO) = 70.24 times per year18.75% hospitals were located in the Pabon Lasso Model zone 1.25% hospitals in zone 2.25% of hospitals in zone 3, and 31.25% hospitals in zone 4 of the model.

Conclusion: The study showed that 75% of the studied hospitals were inefficient. Applying Pabon Lasso model compared hospital's performance. Thus, using one of the active ways of problem recognition in hospitals and perceiving the relation of performance indicators will be helpful in establishing new policy and reviewing current policy in order to maximize performance capacity.

Background and Aim: Giardiasis is the most common pathogenic gastrointestinal parasite worldwide and transmitted by ingesting parasite cyst, through water and food and person-to-person contact. Therefore in food handlers and child care workers it is of high importance. In this study we surveyed the job of individuals with giardiasis.
Materials and Methods: This study was a pilot descriptive-analytic study. Hundred and nine stool samples were collected from individuals referred to medical centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences for health certificate. 
Samples were examined with wet mount smear and formol-ether concentration methods. Also a questionnaire was given to each individual.
Results: Sixty nine samples were infected with Giardia lamblia. among positive samples for Giardia lamblia 25 (36.23%) were related to food handlers and occupations which are most  frequently associated with food, one (1.44%) nurse, one (1.44%) managing director of the nursery, two (2.89%) housekeepers  and one servant (1.44%).
Conclusion: Person-to-person Giardia lamblia transmission is often associated with poor hygiene and sanitation, most commonly by food handlers.
Also, day- care workers have a higher risk of infecting children attending day-care centers. Therefore particular attention should be paid to health of this workers as well as three times stool examination.