Showing 365 results for Or
Pedram Yazdani, Hamidreza Rezaeian Zadeh, Mohammadreza Meigounpoory,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (9-2012)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Nowadays, because of the intense competition between nutrition consultants and rapid changes in patients' demands for nutrition counseling, application of the concepts such as "Entrepreneurial Opportunities Recognition" in this field seems unavoidable. One of the most commonly used methods for recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities is "Strategic Analysis of External Environment". Present survey has been conducted in order to study the impact of nutrition consultants' educational level on their strategic analysis about entrepreneurial opportunities.
Materials and Methods: This analytical survey was implemented based on the data (nutrition consultants' educational levels and their responses regarding the supply and demand for nutrition counseling services) which was collected during a previous study entitled ((Analysis of supply and demand trends in the field of diabetes nutrition counseling: A basic step towards identifying the entrepreneurial opportunities for nutrition consultants)). Also, ((Spearman's correlation test)) and ((GLM multivariate test)) were performed for the analysis of aforementioned data.
Results: Both statistical tests showed that nutrition consultants' educational levels (including 1- Bachelor of Science and 2- Master of Science and PhD) had significant relationship with two-thirds of their comments.
Conclusion: Nutrition consultants' educational level has a relative impact on their strategic analysis about the entrepreneurial opportunities.
Mehrdad Farzandipor, Mehdi Shaeri, Fatemeh Rangraz Jeddi,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (11-2012)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Nowadays, Information conduct health care system and its substantiation depend on available correct data and reliable information. This study was performed to determine the accuracy rate of statistical indicators in Kashan educational hospitals.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in March2009- August 2010. Data(the items that need for evaluate of each indicator) were gathered with self-designed checklist. The accuracy of items and hospital indicators were compared with items and indicators that researcher had gathered or calculated. Data(frequency and percent) was presented with descriptive statistical method.
Results: Findings showed that maximum rate of accuracy was found in gross death percentage(68%), and minimum rate was found for the average bed count(24%). The accuracy rates of other indicators were: bed occupancy percentage(39%), bed turn over rate(47%), and bed occupancy average(61%). Net death percentage and bed turn over interval both were(49%). Totally, the accuracy of hospital indicators were 53% which was in a moderate level.
Conclusion: The accuracy of hospital indicators is low. Use of monitoring methods for improvement of its accuracy is recommended.
Mahdi Sattari-Ghahfarrokhi, Mehdi Abzari,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (11-2012)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Learning may be the only sustainable competitive advantage for all organizations. A learning organization is an organisation where people continually expand their capacity to create results they truly desire new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured collective aspirations are set free people are continually learning from what others have learned. The aim of this research is to study whether a learning organization and its subsystems are established in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences (SKUMS).
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-survey study was conducted in 2012. Marquardt's standard questionnaire was used to measure learning organization based on Likert's scale with a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.946. The research sample consisted of 177 staff members (bachelor's degree holders and bove) in seven vice-chancellorships of SKUMS, selected through simple random sampling.
Results: The findings of the study are twofold. (1) According to the results of one-sample t-test with a 95% confidence interval, the mean scores in learning organization and sub-systems of learning dynamics, people empowerment, knowledge management and technology application subsysems were higher than the assumed mean of 3 however, the figure turned out to be equal to the assumed mean for the organization transformation subsystem, and (2) Based on Freidman Test, there was a significant difference between the means of at least 2 learning organization subsystems.
Conclusion: According to the research findings, more attention should be paid to the subsystems of learning organization establishment and balanced development of these subsystems.
Esmaeel Masoudian, Jamil Sadeghifar, Yusef Masoudian, Moslem Salehi, Mojgan Amiriyan Zadeh, Meysam Mousavi,
Volume 6, Issue 5 (1-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Hospital internal evaluation is considered as one of the most important steps in strategic planning. Therefore, besides the recognition of the weaknesses and limitations of the organization, especially affecting issues on the performance, the responsibility of the organization will be defined. This study was performed for the assessment of internal environment of the Gachsaran's Shahid Rajai Hospital based on Weisbord Organizational Diagnosis model.
Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 123 hospital staff were selected using random sampling formula. Data was collected using Weisbord Questionnaire which consisted of 35 questions in seven areas. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS statistical software and the t-test.
Results: Among six variables studied, variable communication with 3/15 ± 1/25 mean and standard deviation has the best situation and reward mechanism with the mean and standard deviation of 4/59 ± 1/32 was the worst. There was a meaningful difference among all variables except for the leadership variable.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, Gachsaran's Shahid Rajai hospital has strength in the fields of goals, organizational structure, coordination, and internal organizational communication
Seyed Abedein Hosseini, Ali Akbar Abdollahi, Naser Behnampour, Aref Salehi,
Volume 6, Issue 5 (1-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Despite the information regarding CAD risk factors, there isn't agreement between the relation of this risk factors and coronary artery diseases. This study was done for determination of related factors with vessels involved in coronary artery angiography.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, 2390 patients' .were selected via census sampling from Kosar Angiography center in the Golestan province. Data gathering form included data such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, diabetes, smoking and opiates addiction history. Vessels involved were determined by angiography. Data analysis was done with one way ANOVAs and logistic regression using SPSS 16 soft ware.
Results: Mean and standard deviation of patient's age was 57.9±10. 58.2 percent of them were male. There were significant correlations between age, gender and BMI with numbers of vessels involved. Male gender(OR=1.329), hypertension (OR=1.25) and diabetes(OR=1.20) increased the probability of more than one vessels involvement. Regression analysis showed there were no significant correlations between age, BMI, smoking and opiates addiction history with more than one vessels involvement.
Conclusion: Our finding confirmed that male gender, hypertension and diabetes are the main risk factors in involvement of more than one vessel.
Zahra Kavosi, Sahar Goodarzi, Abdollah Almasiankia,
Volume 6, Issue 5 (1-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Assessment of hospital performance increases responsiveness and efficiency of limited resources. One of the most useful models of hospital performance assessment is Pabon-Lasso, a graphical model that determines the relative performance of hospitals using three indicators: Bed Occupancy Rate Bed Turnover and Average Length of Stay. The present study aims to compare the performance of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (LUMS) hospitals using the above-mentioned tools.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, fourteen LUMS hospitals were selected through census. The data-gathering instrument was the standard data form verified by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Bed Occupancy Rate, Average Length of Stay, and Bed Turnover Rate were calculated and Pabon-Lasso graph was drawn using SPSS 15.
Results: The average length of stay, bed occupancy, and bed turnover rates turned out to be 3/21 days, 53/07% and 95/54, respectively. Five hospitals were in Zone III, indicating a satisfactory level of efficiency. Four hospitals demonstrated inefficiency and underutilization of resources by falling into Zone I. Three hospitals were placed n Zone II. And two hospitals were in Zone IV.
Conclusion: Among 14 studied hospitals, just 5 were considered as efficient. Therefore, it is necessary that policy-makers develop solutions to improve the performance of other hospitals and distribute health resources appropriately.
Sakineh Abbasi, Nahid Einollahi, Mitra Gharib, Fariba Nabatchian, Nasrin Dashti, Mitra Zarebavani,
Volume 6, Issue 5 (1-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Achievement-based evaluation is an important part of the educational planning process, in which learners are screened besides, it helps teachers in their self-evaluation. The purpose of present study is to survey the methods through which laboratory sciences students were evaluated by their professors at Tehran University of Medical Sciences(TUMS) in the academic year 2009-2010.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the population consisted of the faculty members who teach laboratory sciences courses. Data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed to describe all evaluation methods using tables and necessary distribution frequencies. Then, the results were compared with those of Medical Planning Council resolutions.
Results: The results show that mid-term exams were used for the evaluation of students in 35% of all theoretical and practical courses. Besides, of the evaluation methods used, multiple-choice questions occupied the first rank(70%) among the methods normally employed.
Conclusion: According to the results, routine evaluation of undergraduate students of laboratory sciences at the Paramedical Faculty of Tehran University of Medical sciences not only conformed to the ratifications of the Supreme Council of Medical Planning, but also was done more extensively and with a higher degree of consistency in the academic year 2009-2010.
Seyed Javad Ghazi Mirsaeid, Mohammad Reza Ghane, Nadia Motamedi, Fereydoon Azadeh, Bagher Pahlavanzadeh,
Volume 6, Issue 6 (3-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Citation is one of the journals ranking factors. Self-Citation rates regarding journals `performance, especially in international databases, is important. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of Journal self-Citation on Impact Factor of Iranian English medical journals indexed in the Web of Science and Islamic World Science Citation Center.
Materials and Methods: The Impact Factor of 12 journals in WoS and 26 in ISC were studied during years 2006-2009 using citation analysis and Journal self-Citation. Self-Citation rate were calculated using cited journals and citing journals tables in ISC. Wilcoxon test and Mann-whiteny test were used for comparison of self-citation rate between two databases. In order to determine any correlation between journal self-citation and IF in WoS, Pearson test was used. In ISC, Spearman test was performed. For comparison of two correlations test, Covariance test was used.
Results: No significant difference between Journal self-citation rates in two databases was noted(p>0.05).There was a significant correlation between Journal self-citation and Impact Factor in WoS(p=0.007, r=0.64). The correlation was not statistically significant in ISC(p>0.05, rsp =0.23). There was not any significant difference between the relations of Journal self-citation and impact factor in two databases(p=0.526).
Conclusion: Attention to the Journal self-citation rates for comparison of Journal Impact Factor in WoS is more important than attention to the comparison of these journals between two Databases.
Esmaeel Mehraeen, Maryam Ahmadi, Maedeh Shajarat, Masumeh Khoshgam,
Volume 6, Issue 6 (3-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: According to the objectives of the information systems and to avoid duplication and help to improve the quality of care and reduce costs, HIS ongoing evaluation should be conducted to achieve these goals. This study has evaluated hospital information systems in selected hospitals with the use of "integrated hospital information system evaluation criteria-2011".
Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive-sectional research. The study population consisted of information systems in Shohada, Rsool Akram, Khatamolanbia, Imam Khomeyni and Milad hospitals. The data collection tool was a checklist of HIS indicators. Checklist was completed with direct observation and interviews with HIS users in selected hospitals. Data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software, and results were presented in statistical tables and charts.
Results: In the studied hospitals most of the subtypes of organizational and server components of the hospital information system has been set up and used. However, pharmacy, decision support, medical services, communication services and telemedicine information systems, are not yet fully set up in the studied hospitals.
Conclusion: Most subtypes of organizational and server components, currently exist in all fields in the studied hospitals.
Mohammad Ali Nadi, Mohammad Hossein Yarmohammadian,
Volume 6, Issue 6 (3-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Based on theories and researches, two variables effective in the continuous improvement of services are trust in and identification with hospital goals. The present study aims to explore the relationship between such variables among nursing staff members in private hospitals of Shiraz.
Materials and Methods: This research is a cross-sectional correlation study. Some 340 nurses(58 males and 282 females) were selected using the stratified sampling technique.
Three questionnaires for the assessment of identification with hospital goals, measurement of continuous improvement, and determination of trust in hospital were used. The reliability of data collection devices turned out to be 0.70, 0.70 and 0.79, respectively. Besides, the construct validity was confirmed through factor analysis. Data were analyzed inferentially using Pearson's correlation test and hierarchical regression analysis.
Results: The findings show that the relationship between identification with hospital goals and trust and nurses' effort to improve continuously is positive and significant. Moreover, the results of hierarchical regression analysis show that after controlling gender, age, experience and education, first identification with hospital goals and then trust in hospital play a significant role in the effort to improve continuously.
Conclusion: Nurses' effort to improve continuously is mostly influenced by identification with hospital goals rather than trust in hospital.
Akram Bayati, Fatemeh Ghanbari, Mohsen Shamsi, Razieh Rajabi,
Volume 6, Issue 6 (3-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Regarding the importance of communicators' presence in health programs and the fact that in recent years, we have witnessed a decrease in their cooperation or a cut in their relationship with the headquarters. This qualitative study was performed to clarify communicators and instructors' administrative-recreational experiences in breaking off with the headquarters.
Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was carried out on 60 healthcare communicators, 20 ex- communicators and 35 instructors selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected using focus discussion groups and semi-structured interviews with the participants. For data analysis, qualitative content analysis was employed.
Results: The findings of data analysis revealed two main levels: recreational and administrative. The key themes of the former included medical facilities, gifts, employment, futurism and camp and of the latter consisted of credit resources, instructors' conditions, organizational posts and orientation.
Conclusion: Expressing what is expected from communicators when selecting them can play a significant role in keeping them up with their jobs. Holding meetings between authorities and communicators' representatives to discuss their problems and present solutions, holding reward ceremonies, preparing the grounds for attracting financial resources to support communicators' programs, appreciating them and enhancing the communicators and instructors' academic level, and creating organizational posts for instructors can be effective in maintaining their presence and enhancing health communicators' program.
Nader Khalesi, Lida Shams, Somaye Yegane, Ebrahim Jafari Pooyan, Taha Nasiri , Narges Roustai , Tayebe Moradi,
Volume 6, Issue 6 (3-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Focus on organizational health could ensure the future success of any organization. Considering the fast changing conditions of hospitals and the necessity of effectiveness, employees are required who can show voluntary behavior towards the organization and customers. Therefore, this study mainly aims to survey the relationship between organizational health and organizational citizenship behavior in selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences(TUMS).
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study was conducted in 2010. The population of the study comprised the entire staff of TUMS selected hospitals. In total, 312 employees were selected. The researchers gathered their data using questionnaires of organizational health and organizational citizenship behavior. For data analysis, both descriptive statistics(percentage, mean, standard deviation and variance) and inferential statistics(Pearson correlation and regression) were applied. The data were analyzed using SPSS18 software.
Results: The correlation between the organizational health and five dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior(Conscientiousness, Altruism, Helping Behavior, Civil Virtue, Sportsmanship, and Courtesy) was significant(p = 0/0001).
Conclusion: Given this significant correlation between organizational health and organizational citizenship behavior, organizations can make improvements in employees' behavior. This can be achieved by creating harmony among members and through continuous improvement and growth.
Masoud Abolhallaj, Peivand Bastani, Maryam Ramezanian, Javad Jafari,
Volume 6, Issue 6 (3-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Financial reforms in the healthcare system go back to 1384. This study aims to analyze and summarize the most important strengths of implementing the first phase of the reform in units affiliated with the Ministry of Health and Medical Education from the experts' point of view at middle and operational levels.
Materials and Methods: In this qualitative research study, 15 coaches of the new financial health management reform along with 8 financial managers of Medical Universities were selected purposefully to participate in expert panels to be interviewed. Data were saturated following the interviews. The data analysis process was conducted applying Kruger method with one of the researchers having no conflicts of interest with the topic.
Results: Human resources enabling, effective trainings, integrated information system, dynamic culture, structural appropriateness, efficiency and effectiveness, and perfect facilities were the seven themes extracted from the content analysis of the interviews each theme was further divided into some sub-themes.
Conclusion: Recognition of the strengths of the first phase of health system's financial management reform may help bring about the possibility of more correct and exact planning to direct these changes and maintain the achievements as well as designing a long-term horizon and determining an ideal vision for the next phases of the reform.
Shahrokh Reiesian, Maryam Eslamian, Mohammad Azmal , Peivand Bastani , Rohollah Kalhor,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Family physician is the core in the world efforts for quality improvement, cost effectiveness, and equity in the health care systems. The main purpose of this present study was to investigate situation of the family physician program and identify referral route in this program in six pilot cities in Khuzestan province .
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2011. Pre-designed checklists were used for collecting data. In this study, 15 healthcare team in six pilot cities for family physician program in Khuzestan province were examined and their specified referral levels for each city was investigated and compared with the national instruction to identify current gaps.
Results: The least number of staff belonged to nutrition, nurses and physicions respectively. In the second referral level cities, Specialists did not welcome the program . In Mahshar, a second level city, five specialists have been registered to family physician program. In the third level, 28/5 percent of specialist were enrolled in this program.
Conclusion : It seems that it is necessary to facilitate patient access to physicians under contract with family physician program and referral system in second and third levels. Therefore, establishing a motivation system for attracting specialist and improving their maintenance situation can also be beneficial.
Maryam Ahmadi, Masume Khoshgam , Akram Farhadi,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Considering the information needs of users improves the quality of care . We aimed to Survey the Compliance Rate of Surgical Information Systems with The Information Needs of surgeons.
Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive and original study. Statistical Society consisted of two groups. First was the hospital information systems in hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Shahid Beheshti were the first group. The Second group were 982 surgeons. Hospitals that had the highest number of surgeries were the research sample. Researcher gathered data in two steps. First by questionnaire and then checklist was used to collect the data by interviewing the technicians’ of systems . All data has been analyzed by descriptive analysis.
Results: In Rasul and Emam hospitals surgical information systems in scheduling section(50%) had highest conformity with surgeons needs. In flexibility section in all hospitals except of Shariati, they had 50% conformity with information needs of surgeons.
Conclusion: From surgeons view flexibility capability, scheduling and accessing data had highest priority although systems from display capability had not the conformity with the user needs. In designing the surgical information systems in future it is better to consider these capabilities.
Reza Safdari, Mahtab Karami, Mahboobeh Mirzaee, Azin Rahimi ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Decision support systems(DSSs) refer to one of the types of information technology applications that can help clinicians to make right and timely decisions about patients. The aim of this study is to learn more about DSSs and their applications and effects on health care.
Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, articles which were published between 2000 and 2012, which were available as full texts through databases and search engines -- such as PubMED, EBSCO host research, Google scholar and Yahoo -- and which were also of clinical-trial type were examined besides, certain books in this area were used as primary sources.
Conclusion : The findings show that DSSs were applied in five areas in health care, which had a significant effect on improving the process of care and the performance of providers. These areas are as follows: disease progress management(15.15%), care and treatment(27.27%), medication(27.27%), evaluation(27.27%), and preventation(12.12%). In general, improvement can be seen in three areas: quality of care and patient safety, cost effectiveness, and provider’s level of knowledge.
Amir Ashkan Nasiripour , Pouran Raeissi , Iravan Masoudi Asl , Aslan Nazari ,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Investigating the effect of intellectual capital on an organization’s ongoing processes is a way of determining its weaknesses as well as appropriate strategies which help managers to make decisions. The main purpose of this study was to confirm intellectual capitals through improving organizational culture among staff managers of IKRF—deputy for support and health.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted in 1389. The respondents were selected among staff managers of IKRF—deputy for support and health(N=50). Data collection was a questionnaire which consisted of three parts developed by the researcher. Data analysis was performed with SPSS version 16 with the help of descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation test.
Results: Most of the top and middle managers enjoyed an average organizational culture(top managers=58/3% middle managers=78/3%). The intellectual capital of most managers of this study was below average(mean=2.23). Finally, with respect to the entire managers—both top and middle—, there was a significant relation between organizational culture and intellectual capital( P<0/001).
Conclusion: Taking into account the significant relation between OC and IC and also the point that organizations try to apply appropriate human resources it becomes further important to improve managing intellectual capitals. In this respect, organizational culture is the most basic substructure.
Fariba Nabatchian, Nahid Einollahi, Mohammad Ali Boroomand, Sakineh Abbasi,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (7-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Oxidative interactions such as the formation of oxygen, peroxy radicals and LDL-cholesterol oxidation are involved in the development of atherosclerosis process
This study aims to examine the relationship between serum bilirubin levels and the incidence of coronary artery disease.
Materials and Methods: Eighty-five patients and ninety-two healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Total and direct bilirubin levels were measured using diazo method. Besides, triglycerides and total cholesterol were determined by enzymatic method, HDL-Cholesterol by polyanionic method, and LDL-Cholesterol by direct method. For statistical analysis of data, SPSS 17 was applied. For qualitative variables, Chi-square and for quantitative variables, t-student tests were used. The significance level was set at P=0.05.
Results: Direct, indirect and total bilirubin levels were 0.213, 0.375, 0.588 mg/dl for control group and 0.228, 0.365, 0.593 mg/dl for patient group, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the mean values for direct, indirect and total bilirubin in the two groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between triglycerides and total cholesterol level figures in the two groups. However, there was a significant difference between HDL-Cholesterol levels (P=0.001), smoking (P=0.031), family history (P=0.006), and mean blood pressure (P<0.001) of the two groups.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that measurement of bilirubin as a marker for predicting coronary artery disease may be important. In the end, it should be mentioned that the findings of this study are consistent with some previous studies, but incompatible with others in this area.
Hossein Barzekar , Reza Safdari , Mohammad Reza Eshraghiyan, Hossein Dargahi,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (7-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: One of the most important reasons why organizations are distinguished from each other is the extent to which each applies information technology. Among the most important factors playing a role in the application of information technology are organizational factors such as organizational resources, organizational knowledge, processes, management structure, values and goals all these elements affect the level of information technology acceptance and application. Therefore, this study aims to determine the degree to which the above-mentioned elements can affect the application of information technology by middle managers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) teaching hospitals.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study conducted in 2010. The subjects comprised 110 middle managers of TUMS teaching hospitals. The data-collection instrument was a questionnaire structured by the researchers, and its validity and reliability were confirmed prior to the study. The response rate was 80%.
Results: The participants consisted of 56 (62.9%) males and 33 (37.1%) females. The findings of the study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between organizational resources, organizational knowledge, processes, management structure, values and goals on the one hand and the application of information technology in TUMS hospitals on the other (p<0.01).
Conclusion: The results show that organizational factors have a considerable impact on the application of information technology. Besides, managers and experts should consider the important aspects and effects of these organizational factors.
Mohammad Hadi Mousavi, Farzad Faraji Khiavi , Maryam Norouz Torkaman ,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (7-2013)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Clinical laboratories, due to their succeptibility to potential risks, are priorities in all activities concerning safety issues in hospitals.
Total Quality Management (TQM) is a model considered by WHO for clinical laboratories safety development. This study aimed to assess how safety standards were followed at the clinical laboratories of hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) based on TQM safety regulations.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on a research population including TUMS hospitals clinical laboratories in 2012. For data collection, census was applied and sampling was not considered. The data gathering instrument was a checklist measuring seven safety components based on TQM. The validity of the instrument was determined through content validation, and Cronbach alpha was calculated to be 0.82. For the analysis of the results, descriptive statistics including frequency percentage of scores was employed.
Results: The safety of research population turned out to be suitable in terms of four factors: designing, existence of general safety items, conducting standard safety activities, and safe disposal of laboratory wastes. Besides, implementation of safety programs and increase in employees’ knowledge to cope with accidents were relatively acceptable. The emergency evacuation program, however, was estimated as poor.
Conclusion: The studied laboratories enjoy relatively safe conditions, but imperfect implementation of safety protocols can endanger safety conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to take the required correcting measures to ensure full safety in clinical labs.
