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Volume 2, Issue 1 (9-2008)
Background and Aim: Fatal disease of cancer, ranks second after cardiovascular disease, as the most important causes of mortality in many developing countries, including Iran. Breast cancer is the most common disease among women. TPS is one of the tumor markers which has specially been considered due to its exclusive physiological characteristics like its easy measurement in serum of cancer patients.
Materials and Methods: This study has been set up to evaluate the efficiency of this tumor marker in the prognosis, treatment control and follow up of patients with Breast cancer. TPS has been measured with ELISA in 34 persons including 28 healthy people and 6 patients with breast cancer. Sampling has been done in three times depending on treatment methods.
Results: TPS has been measured in samples which contend of 2 to 3 ml of serum from patients and the health.
Conclusion: The results has revealed that the serum TPS is not only as a measure of prognosis but also would be helpful in follow up and treatment control of the disease.
Conclusion: Serological analysis can be settled in the diagnosis and trend of cancer with production of polyclonal antibody against TPS gene family and planning appropriate pattern.
Volume 8, Issue 5 (1-2015)
Background and Aim: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. A subset of isoflavones such as phytoestrogens (plant estrogens) have mammalian estrogen-like properties. Alfalfa has high isoflavone content. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of alfalfa’s isoflavones on breast cancer and lipid profile in these patients.
Materials and Methods: Thirty BALB-C mice (17±2 gr weight range) were selected. The rats were divided into four groups. The first and second group triggered to breast cancer by implanting cell lines. The third and fourth groups were healthy. Alfalfa extract was prepared by vacuum distillation.
Groups I and II received extraمct of alfalfa. Groups II and IV (control) received no treatment. After 6 weeks the blood serum of all mice were prepared. Concentration of estradiol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol were measured.
Statistical analysis was performed by t-student and Graphpad statistical software. The significance level was set at P=0.05.
Results: The level of estradiol, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol decreased significantly in the first group versus the second group (P<0.00 for all). The level of HDL-cholesterol increased insignificantly in the first group when compared to the second group (P=0.09).
Conclusion: Alfalfa extract with effect on esteradiol levels and lipid profile in mice with breast cancer could be useful in improving the patient’s condition.
Volume 8, Issue 6 (3-2015)
Background and Aim: ESR1 gene polymorphism has been found to be associated with breast cancer and clinical features of the disease in Caucasians. Genomic data for ESR1 in either population is therefore of value in the clinical setting for that ethnic group. In this study association of polymorphism in ESR1 gene with breast cancer risk was investigated.
Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted to establish a database of ESR1 polymorphisms in Iranian population. The ESR1 gene was scanned in Iranian patients newly diagnosed with invasive breast tumors, (150 patients) and in healthy individuals (147) (healthy control individuals). PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism technology and direct sequencing was performed.
Results: The frequency of heterozygote genotype in exon 8 (ACG → ACA / ) was significantly higher in breast cancer patients (48.0%) than in control individuals (1.4%). We found that mutant allele (ACA) was significantly more common in breast cancer patients with age at menarche
Conclusion: Our data suggest that ESR1 polymorphisms are correlated with various aspects of breast cancer in Iranian ESR1 genotype, as determined during pre-surgical evaluation, might represent a surrogate marker to increase predicting breast cancer in Iranian population.
Volume 10, Issue 2 (5-2016)
Background and Aim: Breast cancer is epidemiological and most important cause of death in women. Oxidative stress plays an important role in this disease. Antioxidants such as some vitamins has attracted the attention of scientists to deal with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin supplements in reducing oxidative stress in breast cancer.
Materials and Methods: 38 BALB-C mice were used. They were created in the breast cancer by cell implantation procedure. Rats were divided into 4 groups: 4 mice were given vitamin supplements for 1 month, 4 mice vitamin A, 4 mice, vitamin D, and 4 mice were given vitamin E respectively. After a month mice had breast cancer. In the second group mice without vitamin supplements, were affected. In the third group, mice with vitamin supplements were not affected. In the blood serum of rats, the catalase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity was measured by ELISA.
Results: Catalase activity in mice that received vitamin supplements was significantly increased and were diagnosed (P=0.049). But the increase was not significant with vitamin D supplement (P=0.287). Superoxide dismutase in mice that received vitamin supplements and were free of disease increased significantly (P=0.0249). But the increase was not statistically significant with vitamin D supplement (P=0.24).The total antioxidant capacity in mice that received vitamin supplements and were affected with breast cancer was significantly increased (P<0.0001). This increase was not significant with vitamin D (P=0.006).
Conclusion: The use of vitamin supplements with catalase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity was significantly correlated and may increase the level of antioxidant markers.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (5-2017)
Background and Aim: Early diagnosis is a tenet in oncology and enables early treatment with the expectation of improved outcome. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with personal characteristics and clinical signs in patients with breast cancer.
Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive analytic that
cross-sectionally assessed 232 patients with definite breast cancer diagnosis that referred to Razi hospital located in Rasht using a researcher designed questionnaire including demographic and clinical signs. Collected data (mammography, tumor size, pathological stage of tumor) were obtained from medical records of patients. Gathered data analysis was accomplished with SPSS V.19 and for description of data from average and standard deviation for inference statics fisher test with a
P value of 0.05 were used.
Results: Mean age of subject was (49.80+10.27). 44 individuals (14%) had a precedent regular mammography before disease. Hundred and four (44.8%) in first appointment were referred to a general surgeon. Hundred and thirty six (58%) women were in stage III of the disease. Hundred and twenty nine (60%) patients had a tumor size more than 5 cm and 106 (46%) had a lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Patients referring with advanced stage of breast cancer had a low education (P=0.04) and income level (P=0.01).
Conclusions: Recognizing associated personal and clinical factors with early diagnosis can provide essential information for planning health education, screening and presenting appropriate solutions to overcome barriers to treatment and care in health system planning in this provinc
Volume 12, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Materials and Methods: This study has an applied approach and was conducted using scientometric indices. The st tistical population was the indexed articles related to Breast cancer between the years 2000 and 2016 by Iranian researchers at the Science Web site.
Results: During the period 2000-2016, researchers have published 2198 articles on Breast cancer that indicate a steady and steady increase in the number of studies conducted in this area. The results of the study showed that Qaderi is the most prolific researcher in the field of Breast cancer in terms of the number of articles in Iran, Ebrahimi and Montazeri are in the second and third positions respectively. The highest H-index belongs to Montazeri, Qaderi and Abraham, respectively. Researchers in the field of Breast cancer have collaborated with researchers from 65 countries and more with the United States and Canada. The most co-operation has been between researchers in Tehran and Tabriz. The analysis of the keywords used in Breast cancer research in the form of supragloss showed that Iran, Apoptosis and Polymorphism were the most frequent keywords in the studied works.
Conclusion: The upward trend in Breast cancer research indicates the growing importance of this area in Iran. Given the global growth of Breast cancer research and the importance of international research participation, Iranianresearchers should more and more engage in scientific collaboration with their counterparts abroad.
Volume 12, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Materials and Methods: SK-BR-3 and HU-02 cell lines were treated for 24, 48 and 72 hours with different concentrations of Green tea (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/ml). Then, Bioavailability was analyzed by MTT kit and Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry using an Annexin V-FITS Kit.
Results: With increasing concentrations of Green tea extract in dose and time dependent manner, bioavailability of cells showed a decrease as compared to control group. Increased incidence of apoptosis was significantly higher in other experimental groups than the control group, while the concentration of 800 μg/ml of Green tea extract was more effective in SKBR3 cell line. Green tea did not show significant effect in HU-02 cells.
Conclusion: Due to the fact that cell proliferation and abnormal apoptosis are one of the main characteristics of cancer cells, Green tea can be used to reduce cell proliferation and increase apoptosis in prevention and treatment of Breast cancer.
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2019)
Materials and Method: PubMed, Ovid Medline, and Scopus databases from 2000 to 2019; as well as Google scholar, first 350 results, were searched for all clinical trials and review articles about the subject, using various related keywords. Sixty-two articles were reviewed by 2 researchers and finally data from 22 papers were gathered and assessed.
Results: This review demonstrates that gabapentin is effective in reducing acute postoperative pain after operations of the breast. Also, rate of opioid consumption, an important objective in the period after surgery, is reduced by use of opioids.
Conclusion: This study prompts the effectiveness of gabapentin in controlling postoperative pain in breast operations; since this drug is very seldom used for this purpose in our country, we propose that medical staff consider it as a powerful option after breast procedures.
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2019)
Materials and Methods: In this study, 654 available patient records of Motahari breast cancer Clinic in Shiraz" were used as the sample. The number of records was reduced to 621 after the pre-processing operation. These samples had 22 features that ultimately used ten were used as effective features in the design of the model. Three types of Decision tree, Naive Bayes and Artificial neural network were used for diagnosis of breast cancer and 10-fold cross-validation method for constructing and evaluating the model on the collected data set.
Results: The results of the three techniques mentioned all three models showed promising results in detecting breast cancer. Finally, the artificial neural network accounted for the highest accuracy of 94/49%(sensitivity 96/19%, specificity 86/36%) in the diagnosis of breast cancer.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the decision tree, the risk factors such as age, weight, Age of menstruation, menopause, OCP of records duration, and the age of the first pregnancy were among the factors affecting the incidence of breast cancer in women.
Volume 15, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Materials and Methods: MCF-7 and HDF1BOM cell lines were treated for 48 and 72 hours with different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/ml) of Z-ligustilide ((ligustilide (Z)-3-butylidene-4,5-dihydrophthalide)). Then, bioavailability was analyzed by ELISA reader using MTT kit and Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry using an Annexin V-FITC/PI kit in two times. Statistical analysis was accomplished by ANOVA and Huynh-Feldt tests using SPSS and FlowJo software.
Results: The results of MTT test showed reduce bioavailability of MCF-7 cell line in all concentrations (from 70.60% in 50 mg/ml to 6.80% in 200 mg/ml (for 48 h of treatment), from 61.95% in 50 mg/ml to 5.84% in 200 mg/ml (for 72 h of treatment)). Also, the results of the Annexin test showed that the induction of apoptosis is not time and concentration dependent manner, and it had increased in most groups. highest percentage of apoptosis were; 98.3% in 50 mg/ml (for 48 h of treatment), and 97.4 % in 100 mg/ml (for 72 h of treatment). The results of MTT test showed reduce bioavailability of HDF1BOM cell line in both times compared to the control group (from 97.24% in 50 mg/ml to 5.97% in 200 mg/ml (for 48 h of treatment), from 90.93% in 50 mg/ml to 5.26% in 200 mg/ml (for 72 h of treatment)). Also, according to the results of Annexin, early apoptotic cells show a higher percentage (4.21% in 150 mg/ml (for 48 h of treatment), 1.67% in 200 mg/ml (for 72 h of treatment)). Ligustilide did not show considerable cytotoxicity in HDF1BOM cells.
Conclusion: Due to the fact that ligustilide has an inhibitory effect on the growth, proliferation and invasion of cancer cells by inducting apoptosis, it seems that ligustilide can be used to reduce cell proliferation of breast cancer.
Volume 15, Issue 4 (10-2021)
Materials and Methods: In the present study, first, by content analysis and library studies, the effective factors in Breast cancer were identified, then with the help of a team of experts consisting of physicians and subspecialists in Breast oncology and Breast surgery; With the help of the Delphi method, the factors were adjusted and 26 final factors that were numerically correct and string based on local and climatic conditions were approved. Then, according to the final factors and based on the medical records of 5208 patients in the Cancer Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences, to diagnose cancer, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine methods were used as machine learning methods.
Results: In the first step, by content analysis method, 29 effective factors in Breast cancer were identified. Then, taking into account the indigenous and climatic conditions and using the Delphi method and also using the opinions of 18 Experts during three years, 26 factors were finalized. In the final step, using the medical records of the patients and the results obtained from the three methods mentioned, random forest, had the highest accuracy of 94.75% and precision of 97.26% in diagnosing Breast cancer. It has been noted that, compared to other similar studies, indigenous databases have been exploited, the accuracy obtained has been very close to previous studies, and in many cases much better.
Conclusion: Using the random forest method and taking advantage of the factors affecting Breast cancer, the ability to diagnose cancer has been provided with greatest accuracy.
Volume 16, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Materials and Methods: The data of 597 suspected people with breast cancer (255 patients and 342 healthy people) were retrospectively extracted from the electronic database of Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Abadan city with 24 characteristics, mainly pertained to lifestyle and medical histories. After selecting the most important variables by using the Chi-square Pearson and one-way analysis of variance (P<0.05), the performance of selected data mining algorithms including RF, J-48, DS, RT and XG -Boost was evaluated for breast cancer diagnosis in Weka 3.4 software. Finally, the breast cancer diagnostic system was designed based on the best model and through C# programming language and Dot Net Framework V3.5.4.
Results: Fourteen variables including personal history of breast cancer, breast sampling, and chest X-ray, high blood pressure, increased LDL blood cholesterol, presence of mass in upper inner quadrant of the breast, hormone therapy with estrogen, hormone therapy with Estrogen-progesterone, family history of breast cancer, age, history of other cancers, waist-to-hip ratio and fruit and vegetable consumption showed a significant relationship with the output class at the P<0.05. Based on the results of the performance evaluation of selected algorithms, the RF model with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F- measure equal to 0.97, 0.99, 0.98, 0.974, respectively, AUC=0.936 had higher performance than other selected algorithms and was suggested as the best model for breast cancer diagnosis.
Conclusion: It seems that using modifiable variables such as lifestyle and reproductive-hormonal characteristics as input to the RF algorithm to design the CDSS, can detect breast cancer cases with optimal accuracy. In addition, the proposed system can be effectively adapted in real clinical environments for quick and effective disease diagnosis.
Volume 18, Issue 4 (10-2024)
Materials and Methods: A qualitative method was used for the research, and in this regard, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 women from Tehran who had undergone treatment for breast cancer, along with 5 companions who were alongside the patients during their illness, and 3 surgical doctors. The interviews focused on the experiences, emotions, and actions of the women in response to bodily changes. Sampling was conducted through purposive and snowball sampling methods. The thematic analysis technique developed by Braun and Clarke was employed for analyzing the interviews.
Results: The participating women were aged 27 to 65 years, with 8 holding bachelor’s degrees or higher. Seven women were housewives, 8 were employed, and 13 had undergone mastectomies. The main themes identified include changes in the female body, societal challenges, disruption of body image, support and companionship, economic constraints, and the redefinition of body image. These themes explain the process of women’s coping with bodily changes. Following bodily changes, women face challenges from society. Society judges women’s bodies after these changes and views them negatively. Furthermore, women experience dissatisfaction with their bodies, perceiving them as inadequate for fulfilling feminine roles and responsibilities as wives and mothers. However, over time, through acceptance of the changes and body management, women strive to reconstruct their body image. In addition, the women’s economic situation and the support and companionship of those around them—manifesting as acceptance of the bodily changes and emotional support—can facilitate the acceptance of these changes.
Conclusion: Given the importance of the body in defining femininity, women, after experiencing breast cancer, face not only the suffering of the disease but also identity challenges. Therefore, breast cancer treatment, alongside clinical interventions, requires societal awareness of how to interact with affected women.
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