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The Role of Exosomes in Myeloid and Lymphoid Blood Malignancies: A Systematic Review Article
Asma Maleki, Zahra Kashani Khatib, Shaban Alizadeh, Amir Ali Hamidieh, Ali Akbar Pourfatollah,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Blood malignancies, one of the most common cancers in the world, cause a large number of deaths each year. Many inherited and acquired factors are involved in the development of this disease. Exosomes are a very small model of cells that are secreted by most cells in the body under physiological and pathological conditions. On the other hand, they have found a special place in the treatment of these diseases because of their very small structure and biodegradability. 
Materials and Methods: This study is a systematic review article. For this study, the electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were reviewed and 110 original and review articles were studied from 2000 to 2020. Exosome, blood malignancies and immunotherapy were used as keywords along with a number of other related terms such as tumor microenvironment, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic lymphoid leukemia and multiple myeloma (Exosome AND Leukemia, Leukemia AND Immunotherapy, Exosome AND Cancer, AML AND Exosome) to search in these databases. Finally, 51 sources that related to exosomes and myeloid and lymphoid blood malignancies were used.
Results: The genomic profile of malignant cells and tumor microenvironment changes in the conditions of the disease. The contents of exosomes released by leukemic cells, including anti-apoptotic proteins, various microRNAs, angiogenic agents, heat shock proteins and oncogenes involved in the development of inflammatory phenotype in the target cells, are known as factors involved in the pathogenesis of leukemia. A variety of therapeutic materials such as anti-inflammatory drugs, recombinant proteins, siRNA and the inhibitor of various microRNAs can also be packaged in the exosomes with several ways and used to treat leukemia.
Conclusion: Exosomes derived from malignant cells play the important role in the growth and proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapeutic agent, and the escape of cancer cells from the immune system by the modification of tumor microenvironment. The role of exosomes in the creation and development of blood malignancies has been proven. Therefore, using of them will probably be very helpful and promising in the treatment of these disorders with various forms.

Oncolytics, Cancer-Fighting Viruses from Past to Future: A Literature Review
Seyedeh Nasim Mirbahari, Sina Salari, Shabnam Shahrokh, Mohammadreza Zali, Mehdi Totonchi,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Oncolytic viruses, as novel and advanced tools in the field of treating various types of cancer, have played a very important role in medical developments. The term “oncolytic” refers to the ability of these viruses to destroy and damage cancer cells while preserving the surrounding healthy cells.
Materials and Methods: To conduct this study, a total of 270 initial results were collected through searching in the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from 2012 to 2024. The primary researcher reviewed 68 relevant articles, extracted and summarized the contents, and finally compiled the findings.
Results: The findings from this review study demonstrate that cancer cells possess distinct characteristics that differentiate them from normal cells, including continuous growth signaling, resistance to anti-growth signaling, evasion of apoptosis, increased angiogenesis, and invasion into other body parts. Oncolytic viruses utilize these distinctive features to selectively target and infect cancer cells. Most oncolytic viruses directly eliminate host tumor cells, resulting in viral replication and induction of host antiviral responses. Moreover, these viruses can destroy cancer cells through the production of specific proteins. The cytotoxic potential of oncolytic viruses depends on viral type, genetic manipulation, optimal virus dosage for injection, natural and induced viral tropism, and cancer cell sensitivity to various forms of cell death. The mechanism driving the selective replication of oncolytic viruses in cancer cells likely relates to defects in signaling pathways specific to tumor cells. Phase III clinical trials have demonstrated significant improvements in the treatment outcomes of various cancers, including head and neck cancer, melanoma, glioblastoma, and bladder cancer, through the use of H101 (Oncorine), T-Vec, ECHO-7, and Teserpaturev (Delytact) viruses.
Conclusion: Oncolytic viruses are constructed from various types of viruses and are currently being evaluated in laboratory, preclinical, and clinical stages. The use of these viruses for the treatment of cancer as a new and targeted approach has been proposed, which requires further investigation and achievement of more precise mechanisms for their better performance.

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