Journal of

Background and Aim: Teeth-mouth diseases include a cost between 10-5% of the total of cost of health care and have the damaging effects on childhood and in adult. Transtheoretical Model shows change of behavior dynamically. The purpose of this study was to determine Stages of change of inter-dental cleaning behavior based on Transtheoretical Model in male and female students in Yazd, Iran.

Results: In this study 54.8% female and 45.2% males participated with mean age of 17.35 ±.55 years. %49.6(59student) of students were in pre contemplation stage. Other participants were 5.3 % (19) in contemplation, 24.1 % (87) in preparation, 6.8% (31) in action and 12.5% (5) in maintenance stage. There was a positive significant relationship among stages of change with self-efficacy (r=0.33) and perceived benefits (r=0.19). Also a negative significant relation between stages of change and perceived barriers (r= -0.19) was oberved. Constructs of the model were statically significant predictors of stages of change and accounted for 0.15% of the variation that self efficacy was most important predictors (β=0.212).

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on pre-university 361 students in 8 schools cluster sampling. The instrument for collecting the information were questionnaires consisting of demographic characteristics, self-efficacy questions, decisional balance (perceived advantages and perceived obstacles) and stages of change of interdental cheaning behavior. Reliability and validity of questionnaires was confirmed. The data collected by interview and analyzed by SPSS.

Discussion and Conclusion : In this study, most of students were in pre contemplation stage. They will be probably exposed to dental caries. Not only Trans-theoretical Model can be a model to determine strategies to each stage of change of teeth-mouth self - care Behavior but can also be used in educational interventions.

Background and Aim: Violence against women is recognized internationally. Domestic Violence is a phenomenon as old as family history. The purpose of this study was to determine empowerment indicators of women covered by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Gorgan.

Materials and Methods: The method of study was descriptive-analytical and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. To determine reliability, test-retest method was used, and a correlation coefficient of 0.883 was obtained. To determine validity, Cronbach's alpha was applied and the figure turned out to be 0.81. In total, 91 women participated in the study and completed the questionnaire. They had at least one child and each l ived with her husband. The data were then analyzed using SPPS software(version 16) as well as descriptive and inferential(Chi square) statistics.

Results: The means and standard deviations of women's Knowledge, Attitude, Self-esteem and Self-efficacy were 6.5±2.49, 4.16±2.22, 5.25±1.92, 5.26±1.67. The means of all 4 indicators were either average or low for violence against women moreover, they did not know much about anger management skills.

Conclusion : Women should be empowered to prevent violence against them. To this end, they should be informed about how to enhance their K nowledge, Attitude, Self-esteem and Self-efficacy.

Background and Aim: To fulfill its mission, the health system needs reform in various sectors including supervisory areas. That is because the quality of supervision can have various consequences such as increase or decrease of innovative self-efficacy through various factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain the mediator role of perception of organizational justice in the relationship between abusive supervision and innovative self-efficacy.
Materials and Methods: This is a correlational descriptive-analytical study. The sample included 225 employees of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, who were selected through random sampling. The research instruments were questionnaires of abusive supervision, innovative self-efficacy and perception of organizational justice, which were distributed among the sample after calculating their reliability and validity. 
Results: The results showed that abusive supervision had a significant negative impact on the perception of organizational justice and employee’s innovative self-efficacy. Also, the perception of distributive justice has a significant positive impact on innovative self-efficacy and a mediation role in the relationship between abusive supervision and innovative self-efficacy.
Conclusion: In order to enjoy innovation, health-oriented organizations should reduce abusive supervision in managers’ and supervisors’ behavior; therefore, with the increase of employees’ feeling of innovative self-efficacy, they can lead to the realization of the mission of these organizations.