| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Introduction: Speech is not a simple process. It requires rapid and intricate movements of the tongue, lips, jaw, vocal cords, and teeth. In addition, precise timing of the muscles for breathing and sound production is necessary to speak. Many factors can interrupt this process. Stuttering is characterized by a repetition of sounds or syllables, usually at the beginning of words. Methods & materials: This study was based on previous information and experiments of authors along with literatures review. Results: Stuttering can be divided into three groups: developmental, neurogenic and psychogenic. Despite decades of research, there are no clear-cut answers to questions about the causes of stuttering. After stuttering has begun, there are some factors that maintain or exacerbate an existing stuttering problem. Conclusion: There is not definite and complete treatment. However, early intervention and continued therapy can control and minimize the stuttering that can lead to fluent speech. Keyword: DEVELOPMENTAL STUTTERING, NEUROGENIC AND PSYCHOGENIC STUTTERING, CAUSES, TREATMENTS |
