Tehran University Medical Journal

Background: The causes of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (the most common psychological disorder is still unknown. The main symptoms include impulsivity, hyperactivity and attention deficit. Some studies have shown the relationship between ADHD and oxidative stress, and yet some researches have shown the effects on vitamin D on the antioxidants level. This research intends to identify the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the antioxidant serum level in 6-13 years old children with ADHD.
Methods: This double blind clinical trial was conducted in Isfahan city, the center of Iran, from October 2015 to February 2016. The sample included 35 subjects of both groups that were randomly selected among 6-13 years old children with ADHD diagnosed by pediatric psychologist. The intervention group consumed 1000 IU of vitamin D3 daily for three months, and the control group used placebo for the same period of time. Their stature and weight were recorded by digital instruments without the shoes with the least clothes. The next step was to train the food record of the students to the parents so that 3 food records were taken during the study. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), TAC (Total antioxidant capacity), MDA (Malondialdehyde), CAT (Catalase) and GSH (Glutathione) of the participants of both groups were measured before and after the intervention.
Results: In this Study, both groups were adjusted in terms of their age, gender and BMI. The mean score of the variables of leisure time and sport showed no significant difference in the both groups. Comparing the average TAC and MDA between the two groups before intervention didn’t show a significant difference (P1TAC=0.06) (P1MDA=0.32), but after the intervention, the vitamin D intake group showed the increase in TAC and decrease in MDA (P2TAC=0.001) (P2 MDA=0.01). Moreover, CAT and GSH showed no significant difference in the two groups before and after intervention.
Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation for 3 months led to the improvement of antioxidant capacity by the increase of TAC and decrease of MDA, but the CAT and GSH showed no significant change in the mentioned period of time.
 

Background: Dermatophytes create the most common fungal disease in humans, called dermatophytosis. The two species of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigital are responsible for over 80% of types of dermatophytosis. So far, several morphological and physiological methods have been used to differentiate these very similar species, but these methods are generally time-consuming and have low specificity. The purpose of this study was to introduce a simple and rapid duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction to differentiate these two species from each other.
Methods: This research was an analytical and experimental study that was carried out from 2017 to 2018 in the Medical Mycology Laboratory, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. For this purpose, the nucleotide sequences of the 4 regions of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin, elongation factor 1 alpha and calmodulin in the two considered species of fungi were conducted bioinformatics analysis. The differences and similarities of nucleotides between two species in each of these genes were studied for selecting the primer. The specificity of selected primers was tested for duplex PCR reaction against sequenced isolates of dermatophyte species.
Results: According to the total data, the specific primers were selected from elongation factor 1 alpha gene. These primers produced a product of 173 and 384 bp, in Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigital, respectively. They had high specificity in the face of various dermatophytes. The length of nucleotide sequences found in the genebank of this gene in the two species is between 700 and 770 bp. The similarity of the two species in this region is 94.6% and differs by 78 bp. Of the 107 extracted DNAs from clinical dermatophyte isolates, in duplex PCR 24 isolates were positive with Trichophyton interdigital primer and 71 isolates against Trichophyton rubrum. The remaining isolates, which included 6, were negative in this reaction, which included other dermatophyte species.
Conclusion: This method is a specific and fast differential method compared to conventional methods for identifying Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigital from each other.

Conclusion: the present study showed the effect of moderate-intensity continuous training on the expression of RBP4 and GLUT4 genes in soleus muscle which can be effective in glucose uptake. It was also shown that moderate-intensity continuous training can minimize the complications of diabetes by reducing RBP4 gene expression.