Tehran University Medical Journal

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Background: Staphylococcus aureus (SA (is an important cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially in methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) strains, has caused difficulties in treatment of such infections. The determination of antibiotic resistance patterns, particularly domestic patterns of Iran, is essential for appropriate treatment of MRSA infections and proper infection control measures in our country.
Methods: The antibiotic resistance of 338 SA isolates from various clinical specimens was determined by disk agar diffusion (DAD), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.
Results: Using the DAD method, 47% (160/338) of the SA isolates were resistant to oxacillin, and only 6% (20/338) were resistant to vancomycin. By PCR, 48% (162/338) of the isolates had the mecA gene. The MIC of oxacillin in 93% of isolates was higher than 256µg/mL. The MRSA isolates, showed a high resistant to gentamicin (40.5%), erythromycin (40%), and ciprofloxacin (38%). However, only a few of the SA isolates showed a high resistance to vancomycin (5%) or erythromycin (3.5%).
Conclusion: The results of this study can provide guidance for physicians toward a more appropriate treatment of SA infections in Iran, thereby preventing the emergence of further antibiotic resistance among SA. Our results also revealed the need for further investigations using a higher number of specimens representing a wider variety of locations to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns in our state more precisely.

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Background: Acute respiratory tract infections, both bacterial and viral, cause 4.5 million childhood deaths worldwide, most of which occur in developing countries. Parainfluenza viruses, of the paramyxoviridae family, are among the common causes of acute respiratory infections, giving rise to 30% of respiratory infections in children before school age. The four parainfluenza viruses that cause a spectrum of respiratory illness in humans are designated as human para influenza virus-1 through 4. Spreading from the respiratory tract by aerosolized secretions or direct hand contact with secretions, parainfluenza viruses replicate in the respiratory epithelium without evidence of systemic spread. The destruction of cells in the upper airways can lead to secondary bacterial invasion and resultant bacterial tracheitis. Eustachian tube obstruction can lead to secondary bacterial invasion of the middle ear space and acute otitis media. In otherwise healthy children, the majority of illnesses remain in the upper respiratory tract. As with many viruses, three approaches to the diagnosis of parainfluenza virus are currently used: viral culture, detection of viral antigen or nucleic acid, and serologic analysis. The gold standard remains the isolation of virus in tissue culture.

Methods: This descriptive case-series study was conducted from January 2003 to January 2004, and included 96 children five years of age and younger. To determine the relative frequency of parainfluenza respiratory tract infection, the nasopharyngeal secretions were studied by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assay. Seasonal incidence, age distribution and clinical signs and symptoms of this infection were also recorded.

Results: Among our study group, the relative frequency of parainfluenza respiratory infection was 26%, most commonly in children aged 25-36 months and in autumn. Cough (84%) and rhinorrhea (96%) were the most common symptoms, with fever (68%) as the most common sign in our patients. Pharyngotonsilitis was the most common (40%) clinical manifestation in our patients.

Conclusions: According to above data, patient age and the frequency of parainfluenza infection were similar to other studies.