Tehran University Medical Journal

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This is a prospective descriptive research which was carried out in Imam Khomeini Hospital related to Tehran University during two years (1375-1377) in order to study the incidence of internal carotid stenosis in patients who suffered from TIA ot minor stroke. It was evaluated by duplex sonography. Risk factors of carotid stenosis were studied. 1052 patients who had cerebrovascular accident admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital and 100 of them who suffered from TIA or minor stroke were selected. The data was gathered by questionnaire and analysed. According to the results of the research, the incidence of internal carotid stenosis was 81%. The incidence of severe stenosis (>70%) was 20%, moderate stenosis (30-69%) was 36%, and mild stenosis (<29%) was 44%. There was a significant relationship between hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and alcohol consumption, with internal carotid stenosis. There was no significant relationship between hypertension and cigarette smoking with internal carotid stenosis. There was a significant relationship between history of angina pectoris or myocardial infarection with severity of internal carotid stenosis. We suggest to consider duplex sonography as a part of evaluation of patients who suffer from TIA or minor stroke for screening of severe internal carotid stenosis. Control and treatment of risk factors are useful preventive measures that can reduce the incidence of carotid artery stenosis and cerebrovascular accidents

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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and one of the leading of death among them. The high and increasing incidence of the disease and its difficult treatment specifically in advanced stages, imposes hard situations for different countries’ health systems. Body temperature is a natural criteria for the diagnosis of diseases. In recent decades extensive research has been conducted to increase the use of thermal cameras and obtain a close relationship between heat and temperature of the skin's physiology. Thermal imaging (thermography) applies infrared method which is fast, non-invasive, non-contact and flexibile to monitor the temperature of the human body. This paper investigates highly diversified studies implemented before and after the year 2000. And it emphasizes mostly on the newely published articles including: performance and evaluation of thermal imaging, the various aspects of imaging as well as The available technology in this field and its disadvantages in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Thermal imaging has been adopted by researchers in the fields of medicine and biomedical engineering for the diagnosis of breast cancer. With the advent of modern infrared cameras, data acquisition and processing techniques, it is now possible to have real time high resolution thermographic images, which is likely to surge further research in this field.  Thermography does not provide information on the structures of the breast morphology, but it provides performance information of temperature and breast tissue vessels. It is assumed that the functional changes occured before the start of the structural changes which is the result of disease or cancer. These days, thermal imaging method has not been established as an applicative method for screening or diagnosing purposes in academic centers. But there are different centers that adopt this method for the diognosis and examining purposes. Thermal imaging is an effective method which is highly facilitative for breast cancer screening (due to the low cost and without harms), also, its impact will increase by combining other methods such as a mammogram and sonography. However, it has not been widely recognizesd as an accepted method for determineing the types of tumors (benign and malignant) and diseases of breast tissue.