Showing 52 results for Malek
P Maleknejad , ,
Volume 51, Issue 2 (1 1993)
Abstract
From hygienic and economical point of view, drug therapy and prophylaxy in infectious diseases are of great importance. After the world war II, a reduction in the efficacy of sulfonamide in the treatment of shigellosis was observed and later on it led to a survey on drug resistance and the way of its transmission. The aim of this survey, during which 100 cases of gram-negative bacteria were identified, is to study the drug resistance of this bacteria against five types of aminoglycosides by antibiotic sensitivity test (disc-diffusion). Out of 100 strains, 47% were resistant to gentamycin, 70% to kanamycin, 82% to streptomycin, 53% to tobramycin, and 8% to amikacin
H Maleki ,
Volume 52, Issue 1 (30 1994)
Abstract
Clozapine is the first antipsycotic drug with a great efficacy. Thirty to fifty percent of treatment-resistant schizophrenics markedly improved with clozapine. Approximately, 25% of long-term patients, treated with clozapine, could be discharged. This improvement included negative as well as positive symptom areas. Clozapine produced no extrapyramidal side effects. Tardive dyskinesia, a major side effect of antipsychotics is not probably induced by the drug. Agranulocytosis that occurs in 1-2% of patients treated with clozapine is the most dangerous side effect with a high mortality rate. So, weekly monitoring of white blood cell count is necessary for safe and effective use of clozapine because fatal outcomes can be reduced and even completely prevented by the early detection of the reduction in white blood cell count. Clozapine offers considerable promise for better antipsychotic effect than currently available drugs, but its high cost causes substantial problems for patients with limited financial income
H Maleki , Y Mottaghipoor , M Sadeghifar ,
Volume 55, Issue 6 (1 1997)
Abstract
In this research anxiety and depression and their association with 32 different factors in students of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences were measured. Levels of anxiety and depression were assessed by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (from 2, Trait) and Beck Depression Inventory. A questionnaire made of demographic data, educational and noneducational activities, the presence of medical or psychiatric disorders (over last year) and students' feelings about relationships with their parents as well as educational and financial matters was given to the subjects. Seventy percent of all of the university students completed the two inventories plus questionnaire. Twenty-one percent had a number of 18 or more (the cut-off point for depression) in Beck inventory and 33.4% had a number of 51 or more (the cut off point for anxiety) in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (from 2, Trait). Differents levels of depression and anxiety and associated variables in each group were determined and discussed.
P Maleknezhad , M Aligholi , S Moosavi ,
Volume 56, Issue 4 (1 1998)
Abstract
Drug therapy and prophylaxy in infectious diseases, from hygienic and economical point of view, are very important. Infections caused by pseudomonas aeroginosa were particularly severe, with high mortality rates. In the recent years pseudomonas aeroginosa continued to cause the most severe, life-thereating infections in burned patients, in spite of the introduction of a wide variety of antibiotics advised specifically for their anti pseudomonal activity. The aim of this study, in which many cases of ps.aeroginosa infections are assessed is to identify the drug resistance of this bacteria to penicillines, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides by antibiotic sensitivity test (disk ager diffusion). Results as percent of resistance to each antibiotic were 89% to carbenicillin, 55% to piperacillin, 89% to mezlocillin, 89.5% to ticarcillin+clavulonic acid, 85% to ceftriaxone, 95% to tobramycin, 5% of all isolates were not sensitive to any antibiotics.
R Ansari , R Malekzadeh , J Mikaeely , Sm Tabib , M Khatibian , B Alizadeh ,
Volume 56, Issue 6 (9 1998)
Abstract
Introduction: It has been shown that repeated large volume paracenthesis associated with intravenous albumin infusion is a rapid, effective and safe therapy of massive ascites in cirrhosis. Our aim was to investigate wether IV infusion of albumin is necessary in large volume paeacenthesis therapy of cirrhotic ascites. Methods: 37 patients with tense cirrhotic ascites who were intractable to diuretic therapy were randomly assigned in two groups. 16 patients (group A) were treated with paracenthesis of 4 lit/day plus intravenous albumin infusion (7 gr/lit), and 21 (group B) with paracenthesis without albumin infusion. Hemodynamic status, liver and kidney function and serum lectrolytes were assessed before, while and after paracenthesis. Results: Paracenthesis without IV albumin did not induce significant changes in standard renal function tests, serum albumin, serum electrolytes and liver function tests. One patient from each group developed renal impairment. Two patients from group A and 3 from group B developed asymptomatic hyponatermia. One patient from group A died due to hepatic encephalopathy during paracenthesis. Conclusion: Intravenous albumin infusion is not necessary during large volume paracenthesis for treatment of tense ascites in cirrhotic patients.
V Mahmoody , F Siavashy , Gh Montazery , N Daryani , R Malekzadeh ,
Volume 56, Issue 6 (9 1998)
Abstract
Clostridium difficile toxin was checked in fecal extract of 62 ulcerative colitis patients and 62 normal controls, by Elisa and cell culture methods. Clostridium difficile toxin was found in 48.71 percent of ulcerative colitis patients in their acute exacerbations, and in 26.08 percent of cases in their remissions. This toxin was found in the fecal extract of only 3 percent of normal controls. Chi-2 analysis showed that the differences between normal individuals and patients with ulcerative colitis were significant (P<0.001), but these differences between two groups of ulcerative colitis patients either with exacerbations or in remission were not significant (P>0.05).
J Mikaily , R Malekzadeh , B Ziadalizadeh , M Valizadeh Toosi , A Khoncheh , S Masserat ,
Volume 57, Issue 1 (7 1999)
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (G.Ca) is significantly more prevalent in north western than central Iran. Growing evidence has related Helicobacter pylori (H.P) to G.Ca worldwide. We assessed the prevalence of H.P infection in high (Ardebil) and low (Yazd) prevalence of G.Ca provinces of Iran. Methods: Cluster sampling of healthy population aged less than 20 years was performed in Ardebil and Yazd provinces over 2 months. Ten cc blood was drawn from each person and H.P IgG was tested using ELISA (Diagnostic Corp., sensitivity 98%, specificity 96%). Results: 711 individuals (358 in Ardebil and 353 in Yazd) were enrolled. 170 individuals (47.5%) in Ardebil and 108 individuals (30.6%) in Yazd were positive for H.P (P<0.0001). Using logistic regression analysis, the predictive probability of H.P infection in different age groups was calculated. Conclusion: H.P infection is significantly more prevalent among individuals less than 20 years in areas with high prevalence of gastric cancer in Iran. Our data suggest a relation between H.P infection and gastric cancer in Iran
N Alipoor Ghorbani , A Sarafnezhad , A Mirsalehian , R Malekzadeh , Z Jadali , Gh Behzadian , M Satari ,
Volume 57, Issue 2 (8 1999)
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is the most common human infection in the world. This agent has a strong role in pathogenesis of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers. Therefore introducing of simple and cost effective and non invasive tests are important for diagnosis of H.pylori infections. In this study 215 patient suffering from different gastrointestinal disorders referred to GI endoscopy department of Dr. Ali Shariati Hospital were selected as case and another 50 as control group, which were evaluated for H.pylori infection. Direct smear (staining with Giemsa) and urease tests were used as gold standard tests compared with IFA-IgG and culture. Sensitivity and specificity and accuracy for IFA were 94%, 86% and 90%, respectively. Absorption with campylobacter jejoni did not change the level of IgG against H.pylori. Negativity of urease test dose not show the eradication or absence of bacteria, but shows the low number of bacteria in biopsy materials. This report suggest that IFA is an advantageous, sensitive and reliable test in diagnosis of H.pylori infection.
O Malek Nejad, Y Orfani ,
Volume 59, Issue 6 (11-2001)
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes recurrent upper and lower Respiratory tract infections (especially pneumonia and bronchiolitis). Detection of the infection with respect to its morbidity seems to be a nessecity. In this research nasopharyngeal secretions of 145 patients with respiratory symptoms from Imam Khomeini, Markaz Tebbi and Baharami hospitals were analyzed with direct immunofluoresence (DIF) test using monoclonal antibodies. The purpose was to determine the frequency of RSV infections with respect to age, sex, geographical considerations and clinical symptoms and signs. Finally 56 patients in our study were positive in DIF test and RSV is the causative agent for 38.6 percent of all respiratory tract infections. Beside the propensity to RSV infection was significantly greater in patients with bronchitis [OR=2.36 (0.99-5.67)] Bronchitis was the most frequent disorder in our study group
Jabal Amely F, Malek Zadeh F,
Volume 61, Issue 1 (13 2003)
Abstract
In Vivo, after administration of treatment, concentrations of antimicrobial agents will reduce to sub-inhibitory levels (sub-MIC) and may therefore affect the properties of target bacteria. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of ampicillin, gentamicin and nalidixin acid on morphology, growth, ammonium production and urease activity of proteus mirabilis. Proteus mirabilis is well recognized as an important urinary tract pathogen.
Materials and Methods: Several of its properties have been studied in relation to pathogenesis manifested in urinary tract such as urease activity.
Results: In the presence of ampicillin, long filamenteous cells was produced and the length of the cells was increased at the higher concentration of ampicillin. Sub-MIC of ampicillin and gentamicin affected the growth pattern and prolonged the lag-phase of growth. This affected was significant when gentamicin was used. Nalidixic
acid of 1/2 MIC greatly reduced the growth rate, while the lag phase was not
changed. In the presence of sub-MICs of ampicillin and gentamicin, the amount of
ammonium production increased. In medium with 1/2 MIC of ampicillin, the
ammonium production was 30 times of control, while the urease specific activity of sonicated cells did not show any significant changes.
Conclusion: It seemed that the antibiotics enhanced the cell membrane permeability for substrate and enzyme. Nalidixic acid didn't show any significant effect on ammonia production, and urease specific activity of proteus mirabilis. The results indicate that the sub-MIC of antibiotics can effect virulence factors of proteus mirabilis.
Mikaeili J, Sotoodeh M, Derakhshan M H, Yazdanbod A, Abedi Ardakani B, Nooraei S M, Farh Vash M J, Malek Zadeh R,
Volume 62, Issue 3 (11 2004)
Abstract
Background: Many recent studies have examined potential risk factors of H. pylori gastritis to improve our understanding of the early events in gastric carcinogenesis. We evaluated the extent and topography of chronic gastritis in a high risk area for gastric cardia cancer and investigated the critical role of H.pylori, risk index and age in its pathogenesis.
Materials and Methods: During a national population-based endoscopic survey, we enrolled 508 participants aged ≥40 from urban and rural areas of Meshkin-Shahr, Ardebil province of Iran. After informed consent, all underwent complete upper GI endoscopy. At least one mucosal biopsy was obtained from 6 standard sites: three of antrum (sites 1, 2, 3), two of corpus (sites 4, 5) and one of cardia (site 6). Severity, activity and combined inflammatory scores (CIS) of chronic gastritis and H.pylori infection status were assessed according to modified Sydney Classification of Gastritis. Statistical effects of H.pylori, age, gender, and residency place on mean gastritis severity, activity and CIS were separately calculated in each site.
Results: Total of 508 participants with mean age (±SD) of 54.6(±SD) were enrolled. 234(46.1%) were male and 274(53.9%) were female. Histologically 80.5% of cases were H.pylori positive. Mean activity scores of all sites except for site 5 are significantly (P<0.01) higher in H.pylori + cases. Mean CIS of all sites was significantly (P<0.01) higher in H.pylori + patients. In 44% of infected subjects, CIS of the corpus was at least equally as severe as that in antrum. Also in 54% of H.pylori + cases, cardia’s CIS was ≥ than antral CIS. Age had a significant (P<0.01) negative relationship with CIS of antral site, but this relationship in cardia was positive and more potent.
Conclusion: H.pylori is the main cause of gastritis activity in all sites of stomach this causality is more potent in antrum and cardia. Continuous cardia inflammation in advanced age may contribute to high incidence of gastric cardia cancer in this region.
Maleki S, Nayeb Zadeh S, Shafizadeh F,
Volume 63, Issue 2 (12 2005)
Abstract
Background: The present study was carried out for determination of prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among infected children in Khooram-Abad city, Iran, 2002-2003.
Materials and Methods: In this survey fecal samples of both rural and urban children were studied.
Results & Conclusion: From all samples, 4.75% were infected. The infection rate was higher in summer and autumn. Also the results showed that the infection rate in Khooram-Abad was higher than Shiraz (3.5%), Bandarabbas (2.4%), Ahwaz (2.23%) and Rasht (1.57%) and the infection rate about equlity Ghazvin (4.75%) and Hamadan (5.3%) and lower than Isfahan (16.9%), Mashhad (14.6%), Urmia (105), Naghadeh (9.2%) and Tabriz (6.15%). Our observations indicated that the infection rate was higher in males (1.5%), equal between rural and urban children. Another finding was accompanying of cryptosporidiosis with some other infections like Shigellosis (15.7%) and giardiosis (5.26%) in some cases.
N Rahimi-Fard, A Mirsalehian, P Maleknejad , N Ebrahimi-Daryani,
Volume 64, Issue 2 (30 2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Helicobacter pylori is the etiologic agent of chronic –active gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers in humans, and a co-factor in the occurrence of gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tumors, Adhesion of H.pylori to the gastric mucosa is a critical and also initial step in the pathogenesis of the disease. Bacterial adhesion inhibitory agents provide a novel pharmacologic approach to the management of infectious diseases.
Materials and Methods: 22 H. pylori strains, isolated from the antral biopsies of 49 patients with dyspepsia, gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer,…were assayed by ELISA (UPR)to investigate the diversity of attachment to 7 mamalian cell lines.
Results: The concentration of H.pylori and cell suspention ,the condition and temperature, can alter the attachment rate.Best bacterial concentration was equal to 1 Mc farland,and for cell suspension was 5*10 cells/ml.90 minutes in 37C incubation period result in maximum attachment. H.pylori can attach to all 7 cell lines, there are no significant differences between 22 H.pylori strains in attachment to cells. The attachment pattern of H.pylori to the cells showed significant reduction respectly from HepII, HeLa, SW742, AGS,HT29/219, HT29 to Caco-2.Maximum attachment were seen to HepII, HeLa and SW742 cells, and among these HepII was the best cells for this purpose.
Conclusion: Our studies suggest that Hep II, HeLa and SW742 cells could serve as a suitable in-vitro model for the study of H.pylori adhesions, attachment, inhibition of attachment and detachment assays and among these Hep II cell is prefer recommended.
S.j Hashemi, P. Kordbacheh, R. Malekzadeh, M. Mehrabani ,
Volume 64, Issue 5 (1 2006)
Abstract
Background: Prolonged antiacid and antibiotic usage in gasterointestinal diseases may predispose candidial colonization in GI tract. In order to isolate and diagnose of candida infections in patients with gastritis, duodenitis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, this study have been planned.
Methods: We studied 300 biopsy specimens of patients referred to hospital, 51.7% of the patients were male and the others were female. The isolated fungi were identified by direct examination and culture of specimens.
Results: Forthy four cases of yeasts were isolated in this investigation. Isolated yeasts have been identified as follows: 26 cases of C.albicance , I case C.tropicalis, 2 cases of C.krusei, and finally 1 case of unknown yeast.
Conclusion: All the patients had a positive history of long lasting antacid taking for gastric ulser or gastritis. Candidiasis must be investigated in patients with gastritis, duodenitis and gastric ulcer, who are refractory to classic therapies and also in patients who have the chronic disease .
Malekzadeh R, Shakeri R,
Volume 65, Issue 2 (8 2008)
Abstract
Background: Until a few decades ago, celiac disease was considered to be essentially a disease of European people and to be very rare in Middle Eastern countries. During the last two decades, having met the criteria for the WHO general screening, the advent and application of novel serological assays used to screen for celiac disease and the use of endoscopic small bowel biopsy have led to increasing numbers of diagnoses of celiac disease in western countries. With this new data, our knowledge on both the clinical pattern and epidemiology of celiac disease has increased, and is now known to be a relatively common autoimmune disorder. Studies performed in different parts of the developing world have shown that the prevalence of celiac disease in this area is similar to or even higher than that in western countries. In fact, celiac disease is known to be the most common form of chronic diarrhea in Iran. However, contrary to common belief, celiac disease is more than a pure digestive alteration. It is a protean systemic disease, and, with a 95 percent genetic predisposition, has a myriad of symptoms including gastrointestinal, dermatological, dental, neurological and behavioral that can occur at a variety of ages. Monosymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, atypical (without gastrointestinal symptoms), silent and latent forms of celiac disease have been identified. In this study we review the epidemiology of celiac disease based on the studies performed in Iran and discuss its pathogenesis, the role of antibodies in the diagnosis of celiac disease and the importance of its diagnosis and treatment in Iran.
Hadadi A, Rasoulinejad M, Maleki Z, Mojtahedzadeh M, Younesian M, Ahmadi S.a, Bagherian H,
Volume 65, Issue 4 (3 2007)
Abstract
Background: The object of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance pattern among common nosocomial Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with nosocomial infections.
Methods: From June 2004 to December 2005, 380 isolates of common Gram-negative bacilli (Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and E. coli) from 270 patients with nosocomial infections in Sina and Imam Hospitals, Tehran, Iran, were evaluated for susceptibility to Imipenem, Cefepime, Ciprofloxacine, Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime by Disc diffusion and E-test methods.
Results: The most frequent pathogens isolated were Klebsiella spp. (40%), followed by Pseudomonas (28%), Acinetobacter spp. (20%) and E. coli (12%). The most active antibiotic was imipenem (84%). 26% of all isolates were sensitive to Cefepime, 26% to Ciprofloxacin, 20% to Ceftazidime and 10% to Ceftrixone. The susceptibility rates of Klebsiella to Imipenem, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime and Ceftriaxone were 91, 25, 21, 13 and 7 percent, respectively and 91, 19, 17, 21 and 21 percent, respectively, for E. coli. Among Acineto- bacter spp., the susceptibility rate was 77% for Imipenem and 21% for Ciprofloxacin. Among Pseudomonas spp., 75% of isolates were susceptible to Imipenem and 39% to Ciprofloxacin. The comparison of the resistance status of microorganisms by both Disc diffusion and E-test methods showed a clinically noticeable agreement between these two tests.
Conclusions: Since antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacilli has increased, enforcement of policy regarding proper antibiotic use is urgently needed in order to delay the development of resistance. Although it is widely accepted that E-test is more accurate in determining the resistance of microorganisms, our study showed that the Disc diffusion test will give the same results in most occasions and is therefore still considered useful in clinical practice.
Malekmadani M H, Lashay A, Behjati M, Ganji R,
Volume 65, Issue 7 (4 2007)
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, severity, and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in diabetic cases admitted for non-ocular diabetic complications and to investigate the association between retinopathy and these complications.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 84 diabetic patients admitted to our university-affiliated hospital for non-ocular diabetic complications were fully evaluated for proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Cases of nonproliferative retinopathy (NPDR) were graded as microaneurysm, mild, moderate or severe. To determine the association of retinopathy with the complications that caused hospitalization, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ver. 11.5.
Results: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among our cases was 77.4% (65 patients), with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) present in 23 patients (35.4% of the retinopathy cases). Diabetic retinopathy was higher in patients who had been hospitalized for nephropathy than in patients with diabetic foot and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA, p=0.001), and higher in those hospitalized for diabetic foot than for DKA (p=0.008). Among the 35 patients who had nephropathy and retinopathy, 16 subjects (45.7%) had PDR, and the other 19 subjects had NPDR. Twenty-seven patients had diabetic foot and retinopathy, six (22.7%) of whom had PDR, and 21 (77.8%) had NPDR. Factors significantly related to the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy were type 2 diabetes, presence of hypertension, elevated serum levels of creatinine, duration of diabetes and coexisting nephropathy or diabetic foot (all with p values <0.05). In the logistic regression model, diabetic duration had a slight association with PDR (p=0.06).
Conclusion: Our data suggest that diabetic retinopathy in our patients is common, especially in patients with nephropathy. In addition to glycemic control, lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides as well as blood pressure may be effective in lowering the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy.
Shabanloei R, Ahmadi F, Vaez Gharamaleki J, Hajizadeh E, Javadzadeh Y,
Volume 65, Issue 9 (3 2007)
Abstract
Background: Stomatitis, the inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the oral structures, is a frequent side-effect of anticancer drugs due to excess uric acid production. Strict oral hygiene and the application of an appropriate mouthwash has been reported to relieve pain and improve patient quality of life. Allopurinol is a drug used to treat conditions caused by excess uric acid. The aim of this study to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic use of allopurinol mouthwash for stomatitis in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 42 patients were randomly assigned to either a study group or a control group. In the study group (28 patients), patients used 5 mg/ml allopurinol mouthwash in hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose. The control group (14 patients) used water instead of the mouthwash. Treatment was administered for 16 days.
Results: Data collected during the daily follow-up of the patients' oral mucosa showed that allopurinol mouthwash decreased the severity, pain and duration of stomatitis.
Conclusion: Preventing stomatitis in patients receiving chemotherapy improves the health of the patient and compliance with treatment. Based on our findings, allopurinol mouthwash should be used for all chemotherapy patients for the prevention of stomatitis. This nursing intervention can also improve the patient's nutritional state and level of satisfaction.
Vasaghi Gharamaleki B, Keshavarz M, Gharibzadeh Sh, Marvi H, Mosayebnejad J, Ebrahimi Takamjani E,
Volume 66, Issue 6 (5 2008)
Abstract
Background: The typical features of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage are delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and prolonged loss of muscle strength. It has been shown that passive warmth is effective in reducing muscle injury. Due to the interaction of different systems in vivo, we used isolated perfused medial gastrocnemius skeletal muscle to study the direct effect of temperature on the eccentric contraction-induced force loss.
Methods: After femoral artery cannulation of a rat, the left medial gastrocnemius muscle was separated and then the entire lower limb was transferred into a prewarmed (35oC) chamber. With the chamber temperature at 31, 35 and 39oC before and during eccentric contraction. Isometric force loss was measured after 15 eccentric contractions (N=7-9).
Results: Maximum contraction force reduction has been used as an index for eccentric contraction-induced force loss. In this study eccentric contraction caused a significant reduction in maximum isometric tension (p<0.01), but no significant difference was seen in isometric force loss at 31oC and 39oC compared with that at 35oC.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that temperature changes before or during eccentric contractions have no effect on eccentric contraction-induced force loss.
Moghtadaei M, Malekpoor S, Farahini H, Khosravi A,
Volume 66, Issue 10 (4 2009)
Abstract
Background: Pin loosening and infection in skeletal traction are important problems in orthopedic surgery and methods which are usually used to manage these problems, are costly and sometimes complicated. In this study, the efficacy of using cast support in infection and loosening of proximal tibial pin was investigated.
Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 60 patients referring to Rasul-e- Akram hospital from 1383 to 1384, who needed to have proximal tibial pin for at least one month, were studied. All patients were treated with oral antibiotic until 24 hours after pin insertion. Depending on using cast support or not, they were randomly categorized into two groups (30, 30). The rate of pin loosening and infection between these two groups were compared.
Results: In the group without cast support infection rate was about %26.7 while this rate was %13.3 in the group with cast support, which means no significant difference (.33). In addition, although the rate of loosening in the group without cast support was more than the other group, it had no statistical meaning. (%20 compared with %10, p= 0.47)
Conclusions: Cast support doesn't affect the rate of pin loosening and pin site infection. However, considering correct technique for pin insertion including prevention of thermal injury and local hematoma is very important. Therefore, the use of cast support is an optional choice up to surgeons' preference.
