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Volume 56, Issue 6 (9 1998)
In a cross-sectional epidemiological study of headache disorders in neurology clinic of Fatemieh hospital of Semnan (August 22-November 20.1996), information on types of headaches, quality, severity, location, duration, frequency, precipitating factors, age of onset, influence of menstruation and pregnancy, positive familial history, use of oral contraceptive pills and other epidemiological factors including socioeconomic and age/sex composition was collected. The presence of any types of headaches was ascertained by a clinical interview and examination using the operational diagnostic criteria of the International Headaches Society. The prevalence of migraine and tension type headache was also analysed in relation to variables of life style (physical activity and sleep pattern) and associated signs and symptoms (nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia). In this study migraine and tension headache were also compared in variable aspects with each other. 1) Headache was more prevalent in women than men (F/M=3/1). 2) The most common types of headache included: tension type headache (41.4%), migraine (31.2%) and unclassified headaches (17.2%). 3) Migraine and T.T.H were more prevalent in early adult life and middle ages. 4) In both migraine and tension type headache the time profiles (duration, frequency, age of onset), quality and location were like that noted in textbook and previous studies. 5) In both migraine and tension type headache the most conspicuous precipitating factor was stress and mental tension and frequent headaches were accompanied with psychiatric problems (e.g depression and or anxiety). 6) Nausea, vomiting, phonophobia and photophobia were the most common associated symptoms in both of them. 7) Positive familial history and aggravation of headache in perimenstual period were more commonly seen in patients with migraine than tension type headache. In conclusion using the operational diagnostic criteria of International Headache Society in clinical practice, treating, teaching, clinical and epidemiological research is very useful and must also be applied for Iranian patients.
Volume 64, Issue 5 (1 2006)
Background: Human plasminogen is a plasma glycoprotein synthesized mainly in the liver. Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by plasminogen activators is a key event in the fibrinolytic system. In this study, we investigated the effects of two anti-human plasminogen monoclonal antibodies, A1D12 and MC2B8 on Glu-plasminogen activation in presence of u-PA, t-PA and streptokinase.
Methods: Producing of Hybridoma antibodies was performed by fusion of spleen cells from BALB/C mice immunized with Glu-plasminogen and NS1 myeloma cells. Antibody binding to Human Glu-plasminogen was assessed using an ELISA assay. Activation of plasminogen was determined by measuring plasmin generation using the chromogenic substrate S-2251 and the effect of monoclonal antibodies, A1D12 and MC2B8 on plasminogen activation in solution was then evaluated. Initial rates and kinetic parameters of plasminogen activation in the presence of monoclonal antibodies were calculated. The effect of the monoclonal antibody MC2B8 on the rate of plasmin hydrolysis was measured. The effect of F(ab&apos)2 fragment of A1D12 on u-PA catalyzed-plasminogen activation also compared with the effect of the whole antibody in this reaction.
Results: ELISA assay showed that the antibodies reacted well with antigens. A1D12 increased the maximum velocity (Vmax) of plasminogen activation by each of the three plasminogen activators and MC2B8 decreased it. In all activation reactions, the KM value of plasminogen activation did not significantly change in the presence of antibody A1D12 whereas antibody MC2B8 increased the KM value of plasminogen activation by u-PA, fibrin monomer dependent t-PA and streptokinase. Monoclonal antibody MC2B8 had no significant effect on plasmin hydrolysis rate of synthetic substrate S-2251. Activation rate of plasminogen by u-PA in the lower concentration of F (ab)2 fragment of A1D12 was identical to activation in the presence of the whole antibody.
Conclusion: The binding of the A1D12 F(ab) region to Glu-plasminogen increases the catalytic efficiency of plasminogen activation by plasminogen activators. Therefore, it may be useful to apply clinically A1D12 for the therapy of thromboembolic events such as myocardial infarction by humanizing the F(ab) fragment of the A1D12 antibody. Inhibition pattern of antibody MC2B8 obey the mixed type of enzyme inhibition by binding the antibody probably at, or near, the cleavage site of Glu-plasminogen.
Volume 66, Issue 1 (30 2008)
Background: Over the years, Trans Urethral Resection of Prostate (TURP), as a treatment modality for obstructing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), gained popularity throughout the world. It is considered the gold standard for the surgical management of BPH. However, there is not the same pattern in our country and open prostatectomy is more common. Specific evaluation should be done preoperatively. Cystoscopy is one of them that have special limited indications. The aim of this study was to define the rate of pathological findings in routine urethrocystoscopy before open prostatectomy.
Methods: In a prospective study from 2003 to 2005 in Dr Shariati hospital 120 patients prepared for open prostatectomy underwent routine cystoscopy, without absolute indications for cystoscopy.
Results: There was no special pathology observed in routine cystoscopy. The results of this study revealed that the mean of age in patients with meatal stricture was significantly lower than those without stricture (59.5±0.7 vs. 49.9±5.5 years, p=0.008). Also, the results of present study showed that in patients with meatal stricture serum creatinine level was significantly higher (2.2±1.34 vs. 1.2±0.42 mgr/dL, p=0.003). Furthermore, it was revealed that the mean of age in patients with bladder diverticulum was significantly higher compared with those without bladder diverticulum (76.3±3.1 vs. 68.4±4.9 years, p=0.001).
Conclusion: Routine cystoscopy is not necessary before open prostatectomy
Volume 66, Issue 11 (3 2009)
Background: Ekiri syndrome or lethal toxic encephalopathy is a complication of shigellosis with dysentery, hyperpyrexia, seizures, headache and altered level of consiousness, which rapidly progresses to death. These children die at the beginning of the disease (8-48 hours from the beginning of symptoms), from brain edema. However they had no symptoms or signs of sepsis, dehydration, DIC or Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS).
Methods: This survey is a case series study of children with Ekiri syndrome in Bahrami hospital from October 1998-2008 presented with loss of consciousness, colitis and high fever shortly after admission. Information about the patients was gathered from the documents according to physical signs and symptoms, lab data of those whom Ekiri syndrome had been diagnosed for them. Studied variables in this assessment were age, sex, fever, convulsions and loss of consciousness. Headache, encephalopathy, dehydration, elevated ICP, colitis, underline disease, stool, blood and CSF cultures.
Results: The subjects contain 13 cases (10 male, 3 female), averaged 30/5 months of age. All had seizure, elevated ICP, encephalopathy and coma. All of the patients had fever between 39 and 40, averaged 39.5 degree of centigrade. Seven patients had headache and three ones was dehydrated. The first presentation symptom in three patients was gastroenteritis, in 9 was siezure and in 1 patient was headache. Stool culture in all patients was positive, but blood culture was positive in only one of them. CSF culture was negative in all of the patients. Mortality was 100%.
Conclusion: Symptoms, signs and presentation of Ekiri syndrome, a rare complication of infection with shigella, in the patients in Bahrami hospital was similar with the other studies beforehand in other countries. In this study, all the patients were died and supportive treatments were ineffective.
Volume 67, Issue 1 (4 2009)
Background: Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) of bladder is the second most common urogenital malignancy and because of its high rate of recurrence (two third of tumors recur) vigilant surveillance is necessary. There have been a lot of efforts to find a proper biomarker for detecting urothelial cancers because available methods are expensive and invasive (like cystoscopy) or have a low degree of sensitivity (like urine cytology). Urothelial malignancies, like other cancers tend to express a large amount of telomerase. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible application of voided urine human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA assay in detecting low-grade bladder carcinoma in comparison with urine cytology.
Methods: Voided urine samples were collected from 49 patients who were supposed to go under operation. Samples were examined by both Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR (for measuring hTERT mRNA level) and cytology the results were then compared to the final pathologic studies.
Results: Regardless of clinical stage and or pathological grade of tumor, sensitivity of telomerase test and urine cytology was 74% and 16% respectively. There was a strong correlation between results of urine cytology and stage and/or grade of tumor however, sensitivity of telomerase test was acceptable regardless of stage and or grade of tumor. There was a statistically significant difference between sensitivity of urine cytology and telomerase test (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Detection of hTERT-mRNA can potentially be used as a non-invasive method for diagnosis and follow up of bladder carcinoma instead of urine cytology.
Volume 69, Issue 2 (5 2011)
Background: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have noticeable self-renewal ability and can differentiate into several cell lines such as adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and myocytes. Progesterone plays a significant role in the myelination of peripheral nerves. Regarding the role of progesterone on the myelination of peripheral nervous system, we evaluated its effects on the in-vitro expression of P0, S100 and Krox20 mRNA in adipose-derived stem cells. Methods: In this experimental study, rat adipose-derived stem cells were isolated from the inguinal region of the animals and were evaluated by flow cytometry before culture. In preinduction phase, the cells were sequentially treated with various factors such as β- mercaptoethanol and all-trans-retinoic acid, followed by different induction mixtures. The cells were divided into four groups including two control groups (receiving either fibroblast and platelet derived-growth factors, or fibroblast growth factor, platelet derived-growth factor, forskolin and heregulin) and two experimental groups (receiving either fibroblast growth factor, platelet derived-growth factor, forskolin and progesterone, or fibroblast growth factor, platelet derived-growth factor, heregulin and progesterone). Expression of Schwann cell markers, S-100, P0 and Krox20 mRNA, was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results: ADSCs expressed CD90, CD73, and CD31 but showed lack of CD45, and VEGFR2 expression. After the induction stage, S-100, P0 and Krox20 mRNA were expressed in the progesterone receiving experimental groups, but expression of S-100 and Krox20 mRNA were less than the control group which was receiving forskolin and heregulin (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Progesterone can promote the in-vitro expression of S-100, P0, and Krox20 genes in adipose-derived stem cells
Volume 70, Issue 1 (3 2012)
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders such as DM I, DM II, secondary causes of DM and gestational diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemic phonotype. The etiology of gestational diabetes mellitus is unknown. Recent studies address the chronic activity of immune system against infections (not autoimmunity) as an important cause of gestational diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to compare T-helper cells 1 and 2 cytokines and associated antibodies in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and normal pregnant women.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 45 female patients with GDM and 45 healthy pregnant women in Bandar Abbas, Iran, from 2008- 2009. The exclusion criteria were presence of any infectious diseases or autoimmune disorders such as SLE or RA. Present and past medical histories were taken from the participants thorough physical examination. Blood samples (10 mL) were drawn and sent to laboratory for measuring serum IgE, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-12 (IL-12), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF1), and interferon-gamma (IFN) measurements. T-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used for data analysis.
Results: The mean age of the patients with GDM and healthy pregnant women was 32.5 and 27.9 yrs, respectively. T-helper 1 and 2 associated antibodies and cytokines had no significant differences between the case and control groups.
Conclusion: The changes in T-helper 1 and 2 associated antibodies and cytokines are not associated with gestational diabetes mellitus and could not be considered as a predictor for gestational diabetes mellitus.
Volume 72, Issue 3 (June 2014)
Background: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) therapy is used in central precocious puberty (CPP) worldwide and it is the treatment of choice for this condition. Many of the previous studies concerning the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) therapy on height. Much less attention has been paid to changes in body weight. However, concerns have been expressed that CPP may be associated with increased body mass index (BMI) both at initial presentation and during GnRH agonist treatment, but it is controversial in some studies. Methods: We have retrospectively reviewed 52 female patients that the majority of them had CPP. We assessed height, height SDS, weight, weight SDS, BMI and BMI SDS. All patients were treated with GnRHa over 12 months. The variables were evalu-ated at 0, 6 and 12 months after initiation of treatment.8 girls received growth hormone concomitantly. Also bone age and sexual maturity were measured. Bone age was assessed according to the Greulich-Pyle method and sexual maturation was classified according to the Marshall-Tanner method. Results: Before the initiation of therapy, the girls had a mean BMI SD score for chronological age of 0.80± 1.18 after 6 months of therapy BMI SDS was 0.82± 1.15 and after 12 months was 0.82± 1.28 the P value is 0.909 and it is not statistically signif-icant. Height SD score for chronological age was 0.41± 1.65 before the initiation of therapy and was 0.41± 1.65 after 6 months and 0.43± 1.60 after 12 months of therapy. The P= 0.66 and it is not statistically significant. Eight girls received growth hormone concomitantly, in this group increasing height SDS is statistically significant P= 0.044 but increasing BMI SDS is not significant. Conclusion: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) therapy in central precocious puberty (CPP) is safe for BMI and increasing of BMI is not significant, long- term follow-up study is required to elucidate whether GnRHa treatment affects adult obesity. Using growth hormone concomitantly, the effect on increasing height is significant.
Volume 72, Issue 8 (November 2014)
Background: Gestational diabetes is associated with increased risk of congenital heart disease in neonates. The study was performed to evaluate the cardiac parameters in neonates of mothers with abnormal glucose tolerance test (GTT) and compare them with data of normal newborn. Methods: In a cross-sectional study in Amiralmomenin Hospital, Semnan City, Iran from April to October 2013, two groups of infants were eligible for the study. Sampling was performed in succession for the infants who were eligible. Echocardiography was performed for the babies on the second day, and cardiac parameters including interventricular septal diameter, left ventricular shortening fraction and mass, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, aortic and left atrial diameter were measured. Maternal glycemic control and HbA1c were measured indicators. Analysis with the SPSS software version 16, the Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square test were performed. Results: Thirty five newborn infants of mothers with impaired GTT and newborn of 33 healthy women were studied. Birth weight, maternal age and HbA1c among infants of mothers with impaired GTT were greater than the control group (P=0.003 and P=0.000 and P=0.000 respectively). Diastolic and systolic ventricular septal thickness, ratio of diastolic ventricular septal thickness to diastolic diameter of the left ventricular posterior wall, the aortic diameter and left ventricular outflow tract diameter in infants of mothers with impaired GTT were significantly increased in comparison to data of the normal group (P=0.008, P=0.034, P=0.016, P=0.017 and P=0.020 respectively). No significant difference was reported in other diameters. Conclusion: Gestational diabetes mellitus results in changes of echocardiographic findings particularly relevant in diastolic ventricular septal thickness. The increase in wall thickness especially during diastole, is associated with pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Based on the results of the present study, cardiac hypertrophy can be related to gestational diabetes. Poor control of disease may cause or aggravate the process.
Volume 74, Issue 5 (August 2016)
Background: Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have a more surface contact and solubility than conventional hydroxyapatite. Hydroxynanoparticles enhances the biological and mechanical properties of new regenerated tissues. The hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have received attention as a new and effective osseous graft for using as scaffolds in bone regeneration. The reports on hydroxyapatite nanoparticles biocompatibility are controversial. It has been shown that hydroxyapatite nanoparticles induces inflammatory reaction and apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of nano-hydroxyapatite on the human epithelial cells.
Methods: The study was experimental and completed in vitro. The study was carried out in department of Immonulogy, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in November 2014. The human-derived oral epithelium cell line (KB) obtained from Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran were exposed to hydroxyapatite nanoparticles at 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/ml concentrations in 24, 48 and 72 hours. Rod-shaped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with 99% purity and maximum 100 nm sized particles were used. Methylthiazol tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was employed for cell vitality evaluation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for assessing the viability of cells. Distilled water and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were positive and negative controls. ANOVA and Duncan tests were used for statistical analysis.
Results: The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on human-derived oral epithelium cell line in 24 (P< 0.001), 48 (P< 0.001) and 72 hours (P< 0.001) was significantly different. The nano-hydroxyapatite particles at 0.5 to 1 mg/ml had the highest cytotoxicity effect on human-derived oral epithelium cells in 24, 48 and 72 hours. Lower concentrations than 0.05 mg/ml had the best biocompatibility properties in 24, 48 and 72 hours.
Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles had a good biocompatibility. The biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were dose and time dependent. The lower concentrations than 0.05 mg/ml of nano-hydroxyapatite had the best biocompatibility over time.
Volume 75, Issue 8 (November 2017)
Methods: This experimental study was done in 2017, from March to September in the Bam Research Center of University of Medical Sciences Kerman, Iran. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was investigated using cumin seeds. The physicochemical characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles were studied by UV-visible ultraviolet spectrometer (Analytik Jena AG, Germany), X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope (TEM) (Carl Zeiss, Germany). Broth microdilution method was used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of these nanoparticles were determined for Pseudomonas aerogenes and Enterococcus faecalis strains.
Results: The UV-visible ultraviolet spectroscopy showed an absorption peak in the range of 370 nm. Transmission electron microscopy shows the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, mostly spherical, with a size less than 50 nm. Minimum inhibitory concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles against P. aerogenes and E. faecalis strains was determined at 6.25 and 12.5 μg/ml, respectively. Both bacteria were sensitive to zinc oxide nanoparticles. This sensitivity was higher for gram-negative bacteria.
Conclusion: Zinc oxide nanoparticles were produced using Iranian natural resources and our results showed significant antibacterial activity. Nanotechnology creates materials with novel properties every day, and creates new hope for improving environmental pollution. These nanoparticles can be used as a new generation of antimicrobial agents in various medical disciplines. For example, toothpaste containing zinc nanoparticles can be produced and prescribed for patients with immune deficiency to prevent the growth of microbial pathogens in the mouth and its transmission to the patient's body.
Volume 79, Issue 1 (April 2021)
Methods: In this analytic study, which is done from April to November 2020 in Tehran, ultrasound images of 55 obese people who have undergone laparoscopic surgery have been used and the histological result of a liver biopsy has been employed as a reference for liver fat. First, 88 texture-based features were extracted from the images using the Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method. In the next step, using the method of minimum redundancy and maximum correlation, the top features were selected from among 88 features and applied to the classifier input. Finally, using the three classifiers of linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine and AdaBoost, the images were classified into 4 groups based on the amount of liver fat.
Results: The accuracy of the automatic liver fat prediction model from ultrasound images for AdaBoost classification was 92.72%. However, the accuracies obtained for support vector machine and linear discriminant analysis classification were 87.88% and 75.76%, respectively.
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Conclusion: The proposed approach based on texture features using the GLCM and the AdaBoost classification from ultrasound images automatically detects the amount of liver fat with high accuracy and can help physicians and radiologists in the final diagnosis.
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Volume 79, Issue 1 (April 2021)
Methods: This study was performed in the cell culture laboratory of Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute in 2020 (June 2020 to February 2020). The hair follicle was isolated from the Safe Donor Area (SDA) using the 4mm punch method. In the laboratory, after separating the follicular units, the bulb region of each follicle was isolated via mechanical and enzymatic methods and cultured in FBS+F12-DMEM. Afterward, the stem cells were characterized via flow cytometry. The effect of low-level laser (685 nm) with different doses (1-20 J/cm2) was investigated on cell proliferation, viability and ROS production.
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Results: The stem cells were confirmed via flow cytometry and also morphological tests. The results indicated that the viability of the stem cells under laser irradiation was different. comparison of the cell viability before and after laser irradiation showed that the highest viability was related to 5 J/cm2 dose energy of laser irradiation. However, the viability of the cells in most dose energy of laser irradiation increased compared with the control group. Moreover, ROS production had a significant increase on 5 J/cm2 energy density of laser irradiation. We can be achieved better treatment in hair transplantation and hair follicle growth by knowing the effect of low-level laser irradiation on the viability of the hair follicle stem cells.
Conclusion: The result of this study could be useful in cell therapy and hair transplantation due to the improvement of cell viability and increase in ROS production under the influence of laser irradiation. |
Volume 79, Issue 2 (May 2021)
Methods: First, all of the relevant clinical guidelines to neurosurgical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic were extracted from the data centers. Finally, five clinical guidelines were selected. The questions and the items were designed according to these guidelines. The answers to each of the questions were extracted from these guidelines. The complementary evidence was extracted by searching in the data centers again. Finally, the answers were edited and the edited answers were considered as the recommendations. These recommendations were sent to 4 experts in the Neurosurgery field and 2 experts in the infectious diseases field. The appraisers evaluated the recommendations according to the AGREE-REX instrument. This instrument has 9 items and 3 domains including clinical applicability, values and preferences, and implement ability. Recommendations with above 80% agreement were considered as the final recommendations.
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Results: The final recommendations were presented as “Clinical guideline of neurosurgical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic” in the results section.
Conclusion: This clinical guideline was developed by using similar guidelines and available evidence. Proper usage of personal protective equipment, reduction of unnecessary contacts between medical staff and patients, use of Telemedicine for follow-up, proper air conditioning, screening patients for COVID-19, reduction of elective surgery, use of less invasive methods, management of aerosol production and reduction of trans-oral and trans-nasal approaches are the most important recommendations of this clinical guideline. |
Volume 79, Issue 10 (January 2022)
Methods: An in-vitro interventional laboratory study was performed in the cell culture laboratory of Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute in 2020-2021 (July 2020 to July 2021). First, A375 skin cancer cells were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS. After preparation and culture of A375 cell lines, different concentrations of vitamin A (1, 5, 50, 100 μM) and LLL energy doses (1, 2, 5, 10 J/cm2) as treatments were done. Combination research of these treatments was performed to eliminate skin melanoma cancer cells. The rate of viability was determined using the MTT test, and the rate of apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry.
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Results: The results indicated that a low-level laser with energy dosages of two and 5 J/cm2 and vitamin A treatment with a concentration of 50 μM in the A375 skin cancer cell line had the lowest viability and the highest induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, the results of the combination of Vitamin A and LLL treatments showed a synergistic effect with a greater reduction in the viability of skin melanoma cells and a greater amount of apoptosis.
Conclusion: In general, vitamin A and Low-level laser diminish the viability of cancer cells. Combination therapy of Low-level laser in the effective dose with vitamin A in optimal concentration provides anti-cancer effects. Further reductions in cancer cell viability caused by vitamin A and low-level laser radiation could pave the way for a novel approach in cancer treatment. |
Volume 80, Issue 2 (May 2022)
Methods: To conduct this review study, the keywords such as ozone, virus and air were used to search the PubMed and Scopus databases. Articles were searched from 2010 to 2020. As a result of the search, 57 articles in this field were selected and their content and results were used in this review study.
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Results: This review study showed that ozone has been successfully used to prevent several viral diseases such as COVED-19. In addition, some viruses, such as coronaviruses, contain sulfhydryl functional groups containing cysteine and tryptophan that react better with ozone gas. The infected person's sneezing may result in the formation of 40,000 droplets in the air. The droplets can be transferred to the nearest surface up to approximately 2 meters before falling and also may remain in the air for 30 hours.
Conclusion: The use of ozone gas has many potential applications in inactivating viruses in enclosed spaces. Given the importance of virus-containing aerosols in the transmission of COVED-19, ozone can be a promising way to prevent the disease. The degree of inactivation of viruses by ozone gas depends on the gas concentration, contact time, temperature, humidity and type of virus. In general, studies in this field have shown the use of ozone gas in preventing the spread of viral diseases such as COVED-19. Necessary safety measures and precautions are also recommended in using this gas. |
Volume 81, Issue 1 (April 2023)
Methods: This is a descriptive-retrospective study and all the mothers who were referred to the Health and Treatment Center No. 2 in Mashhad between April 2019 and March 2019 were examined. This health center has two active counseling clinics and the collection of information is based on documents registered in offices and computers. The inclusion criteria for study were not having breast diseases, having an infant child, being able to read and write and living in Mashhad city. The exclusion criteria were also the unwillingness to participate in the study and the newborn suffering from diseases that are incompatible with breastfeeding. Therefore, census sampling was done. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software and the significance level was less than 0.05.
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Results: In 42.8% of cases, mothers had started feeding combined formula with breast milk before visiting, and in 28.1% of cases, when referring to counseling milk clinics, it was reported that the baby was fed only with formula. After breastfeeding consultations and follow-ups at the end of six months, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding is 34.1% (12% increase compared to the initial reference) and combined formula feeding with breastmilk is 27.8% (a 22% decrease compared to the first visit). And feeding with powdered milk alone was calculated to be 36.5% (an increase of 8.4% compared to the first visit).
Conclusion: The positive role of breastfeeding counseling center in reducing the cases of artificial feeding is clear, and it is recommended to prepare written instructions based on the challenges in breastfeeding for breastfeeding counseling in the first month after delivery. |
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