Tehran University Medical Journal

Nowadays, there are various animal models of acute and chronic seizures. Some chemical and electrical models such as seizure induced by pentylenetetrazol injection and maximum electric shock has been developed over of six decades and different kinds of chemical, electrical and genetic models have been admitted up to now. Among chemical models of seizure induction penicillin, bicuculline, tetanus toxin, pentylenetetrazol, pilocarpine and kainic acid are the more common chemoconvulsants to induce acute and chronic seizures. Numerous mechanisms involved in different models lead to develop different types of seizures. This variety leads to be confused beginner researchers which model should be carried in a research hypothesis. This study was aimed to illustrate how choose the most proper animal model for a hypothesis as well as different animal models of seizure and epilepsy. Penicillin and bicuculine are most proper models to induce focal seizures. In addition, pilocarpine and kainic acid are able to develop temporal lobe seizures. Pentylenetetrazol and tetanus toxin could develop acute and chronic generalized and tonic-clonic seizures. Furthermore, maximum electric shock has been well known as a proper model for acute seizures induction. Electrical kindling of amygdala could develop repetitive temporal lobe seizures. Hypoxia model of seizure is more used for screening of anti-epileptic drugs, long-term consequences, and epileptogenesis mechanisms. Also, hyperthermic (febrile) models of seizure are reliable for studying epileptogenesis mechanisms and cognitive consequences. Genetic models such as recurrent simultaneous (such as GAERS, WAG/Rij) and reflex seizures (such as GEPR) are more valid in some studies, including absence and audiogenic seizures. WAG/Rij rats have been known as the most valid animal model for absence epilepsy. It should be noted that the animal model is a simple expression of a complex system and it covers only a part of what happens in humans’ body. The most important use of animal models of seizure is developing and finding more effective and new anti-epileptic drugs. Therefore, proper selection of the animal model between numerous animal models of seizure induction is crucial to design an equitable hypothesis. The evidences reviewed in this study made beginner researchers potent to choose the best model.

Cancer immunotherapy refers to any intervention that leverages the immune system to eliminate a malignancy. Successful cancer immunotherapies generate an anti-cancer response that is systemic, specific, and durable and overcome to the primary limitations of traditional cancer treatment modalities. In this review paper, the effective methods in immune system to treat cancer, such as immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer vaccines and T cell adaptive therapy are mentioned. Engineered T cells can use for destruction of the different cancer tissues to diagnose tumor surface antigens. Promotion in culture of T cell methods and their engineering with retroviral vectors that carry T cell receptors or chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) by co-stimulator domains, provide opportunity to treat tumor by T cells. The tumors with high genome mutation, such as lung and melanoma, have severe environmental mutagenesis that is induced by ultra violet light in melanoma and Tobacco in lung cancers. Expression of tumor specific receptors is increased by engineered T cells. The neo-antigens conduct the intensity of intra tumor T cell response. The present of CD8+ in tumor site with more mutation is higher and the mutation load is showed strong relation with the clinical response. In addition to the successful approaches to cancer immunotherapy, the other combination and molecular therapies by nanomaterials are listed. Nanomaterials as efficient modulators and diverse vaccine have been developed in the treatment of cancer. In recent cancer vaccine development has been on subunit vaccines that contain purified tumor antigens or antigenic epitopes as an antigen source. However, soluble bolus-based subunit vaccines typically induce weak cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses which limit their utility for cancer. To overcome this, nanoscale colloids can be used to promote more efficient antigen presentation by acting as phagocytic substrates. Nanomaterials are showed co-suppression and immunization in tumor microenvironment by multiple additive functions in preclinical models. In this manner, they exhibited good prospects because of the good results in overcoming the limitations of current therapies. In this review paper is tried to provide new prospect for therapies and hope it creates highest efficacy and lowest side effects for the treatment of patients in the near future.