Tehran University Medical Journal

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Children undergoing general anesthesia for strabismus surgery have a higher incidence of postoperative vomiting than those receiving the same anaesthesia for other types of ambulatory surgical procedures. Droperidol (0/0 75 mg/kg IV) and promethazine (0.05-1.0 mg/kg) were used in 100 children between 2-15 years old. Promethazine which has sedative property, anticholinergic antihistaminic, antiemetic and anti-motion sickness effects is recommended for children 0.05 mg-1.0 mg/kg of body weight IV. After induction of anesthesia and before operation and manipulation of the eye and combined with 0.5 mg/kg IM promethazine after operation. The incidence of vomiting following strabismus surgery might be reduced more than with intravenous droperidol

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The effect and arrangement of cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments) in neurulation of chick embryo examined by immunoperoxidase method from stage 6 to stage 12. The results were as follows: 1) Microtubules aggregated in the perinuclear region from which they radiated to take longitudinal course beneath the membrane. 2) Microfilaments were aggregated in the apical ends (free-surface) of neural epithelium causing the cells to become flask-shaped. 3) Neurofilaments (Nfs) had no important role in neural tube formation

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In order to determine the prevalence of depression among high school students of Tehran, the Beck depression test questionnaire was distributed among 1478 students of Tehran 19 districts, using a methodical approach. Data gathered after completion of the forms showed the following results: 11.4% of the students were on the border line of affliction, 12.6% had a medium degree of disorder, 4.2% suffered from a severe level and 0.4% showed a much higher degree of depression. The older these students were, the more prevalent was the depression among them. The girls showed a higher degree of disorder than the boys at a 1.4 to 1 ratio. The lowest degree was found among students of mathematics, whereas the students of literature showed the highest level. The rate was much lower among students of Shahed schools than that observed among students of evening classes. The research showed no relationship between the students depression and their parents profession. However, the higher level of parents' education was associated with lower levels of depression among their children. Finally, lower levels of disorder was observed among residents of private housings in comparison to what was found among students residing in leased or mortgaged dwellings

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Psoriasis is an common, chronic, recurrent, inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by red scaling plaques on the skin surface. The morphology of psoriatic lesions allows classification of the different types of psoriasis that included plaque type, pustular type and Erythrodermic type. I have studied the relationship between distribution of RH and ABO blood groups in 110 psoriatic patients and compared with control normal blood groups. The result of this study was as follow: The rate of blood group type AB was significantly lower than that of the control normal blood group ABO

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Helicobacter pylori, as a causing agent of peptic ulcer in adults, is also encountered in children although in a lower incidence. Endoscopic biopsy studies of gastrointestinal mucosa in 110 children with clinical signs of peptic ulcer (continuous vomiting, chronic abdominal pain, hematemesis and melena) in Amir-Kabir Children's Hospital in Tehran showed positive helicobacter pylori findings in Giemsa or Hematoxylin-Eosin stained specimens. Doudenal ulcer with 81.1% was the most frequent lesions involved, the next more frequent lesions being gastric ulcer (805), dudenitis (75%) and gastritis (51.7%)

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Report of two cases from Halzon syndrome (Tabriz-1996-97). One mother and her daughter ten minutes after eating from raw or half-ripe sheep gut (bowel), showed clinical demonstration of Halzon syndrome. Clinical aspects included: nasal, ear, frontal, and throat pruritis oral and nasal discharge, caugh, headache, vertigo and mucoid sputum. One day after beginning of this signs and symptoms, some small white worms in 4-6 mm size, discharge from nose and mouth of patients. These worms in laboratory study, were diagnosed as nymph of linguatula serrata

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Among 880 studied feet of 7-14 years old children 6.9% suffered mild and severe flat foot. 53.8% of the affected children were symptomatic. As 40.1% of the general population experiences symptoms, in a small proportion of affected persons, symptoms are due to flat foot. The prevalence of symptoms rises with increasing severity of the disorder. In this article, reviewing general aspects of flat food, prevalence and other epidemiological aspects of flat foot for the first time in Iran have been presented

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We studied the effect of the selective alha-2 adrenoceptor blocker idazoxan and precursor serotonin (5-HTP) on anxiety-related behavior in rats. The conflict drinking test, and evaluator plus-maze were used as model. Idazoxan (2 mg/kg) showed an anticonflict effect, having doses dependently increased the number of punished lickes. 5-HTP showed that anxiolytic-like effect in both models. This drug reversed action and produced anxiogenic-like effect at high doses. In contrast, arecholine which is a cholinergic muscarinic agonist drug, produced anxiogenic-like behavior. At 2 mg/kg increased number of entrance (OE) and using time (OT) in open arms in montgomery's test. Anxiolytic-like effect of this drug was less than of chlordizepoxide. These results showed that increase release of noradrenaline in synaptic nerve terminals of neurons produced anxiety-related behavior. While high release of serotonin in this area reduced behaviors disorder in rats.

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The lower respiratory tract is vulnerable to infection by a wide variety of microorganisms, because it is one of the organ systems which communicate directly with the environments. Although viruses and fungi can cause lower respiratory tract infections, bacteria are the dominant pathogens. Among bacteria the common causes of lower respiratory tract infection is Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophillus influenzae and Legionella species. This study has been carried out to investigate pathogenic bacteria isolated from sputum of 220 patients with suspected pulmonary infection. The results were obtained as follow: Mycoplasma pneumoniae: 17 cases 22.7 percent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis: - cases - percent, Streptococcus pneumoniae: 17 cases 22.7 percent, Klebsiella pneumoniae: 12 cases 16 percent, Haemophillus influenzae: 10 cases 13.3 percent, Staphylococcus aureus: 15 cases 20 percent, Pseudomonas aeroginosa: 4 cases 5.3 percent.

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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is considered by researchers because of its high prevalence, and several studies have been done to find the causes and factors which increase the chance for the syndrome. These studies have shown relationships between this syndrome with some physical parameters like wrist dimensions, weight and systemic conditions. There is no investigation on risk factors in CTS in our country. So the main goal of this research is to find and introduce predisposing factors for carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods: Seventy patients and 33 controls 22 to 70 years old were studied. Standard methods for median and ulnar nerve studies were used and questionnaires included physical measurements, history of diseases and personal information were completed for each person. Results: Patients had higher wrist ratio (mean difference, 0.0267, P<0.001), weight (mean difference: 6.098, P<0.001) and body mass index (mean difference: 3.376, P<0.001). Regression analysis showed strong positive relation between wrist ratio and median latencies. The strongest correlation was found between wrist ratio and median minus ulnar distal sensory latencies (Y2=0.4014, P<0.0001). No relation was found between weight and body mass index with median latencies. Seventy-nine percent of patients and 48.5% of controls had wrist ratio of 0.7 or greater (P<0.05). Seventy-two percent of patients with repetetive hand activities and 78% with associated conditions had wrist ratio of 0.7 or greater. Seventy-six percent had wrist ratio less than 0.7. No relationship was found between obesity, diabetes, thyroid disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, taking oral contraceptive, hysterectomy, oophorectomy, menopause and repetetive hand activities with involvement of carpal tunnel syndrome. Discussion: Wrist dimensions seem to be an important predictor for carpal tunnel syndrome also in patients with associated conditions. If individuals with squarer wrists are involved in special conditions, they may show symptoms of the syndrom. Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by many factors but wrist dimensions seem to be a predisposing factor and provides an explanation for bilateral involvement or familial occurrence of it.

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Dysplasia Epipysealis Hemimelica (DEH) is a rare disease, prevalence is one in 1000000. The incidence is unknown. Its characteristics is abnormal cartilage growth accompanied by ossification of cartilages of epiphyses of long bones, bones of foot ankle and wrist. A hereditary or familial factor hasn't yet been known. Occurrence in males is three times more than females. Our case is a girl observed from 7 months of age to 5 years. The progression of disease and symptoms are reported. Other names of the disease are: Tarsomegaly, Tarsoephiphyseal Aclasis, Trevor's Disease, Benign Epiphyseal Osteochondroma.

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L-fucose (6.deoxy. L.galactose) is the only monosacharide which is placed in non reducting position of glycoproteins structure in L-deoxy form. L-fucosidase and fucosy 1 transferase directly take part in the elevation or decrease of sorum L-fucose levels. Tumors may directly induce enzymes that release L-fucose from glycoproteins formed in the neoplastic tissue, or the glycoproteins may be released indirectly as a result of body-defense metabolic secretion of glycoproteins and their filtration in glomeruls, and has a close correlation with glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In this study we compared urinary L-fucose of 30 known cases of cancer versus 40 healthy people. Fifteen patients had Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer and 15 patients Gyneclologic (Gyn) cancer. There was significant difference between urinary L-fucose of patients with GI cancer and controls (P<0.01), and also we saw the same result (P<0.01) in Gyn patients in comparison with controls. Significant elevations of urinary L-fucose, in GI and GY cancers may lead us in the way to further evaluation of its relationship with L-fucose levels to make its early diagnosis and better prognosis in susceptible individuals and those at a high risk of developing cancer, possible.

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Organochlorine pesticides are a group of persistant compounds which have been used for a long time. Due to their stability, some of them such as DDT, BHC and their derivatives are still used in the areas with malaria epidemic condition, hence the chance of food contamination always exists. The present survey demonstrated that human milk is one of the best indicator substances in monitoring the environment and human body contamination by organochlorine compounds. We studied the level of residues in the milk of nursing mothers who could be exposed to these compounds through food chain in their contaminated environment. In this investigation, we collected 40 samples from the nursing mothers of two hospitals located in the north and south of Tehran. Detection was carried out by Gas chromatography (GC) with 3% OV17 column and Ni63 ECD (Electron Capture Detector). Reference substances were obtained from WHO. Results are discussed in the text.

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Acute infectious gastroenteritis is one of the most common infectious diseases of humans in the world. Diarrheal disease still ranks very high as a major cause of illness and death especially in developing nations. This study has been carried out to investigate enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from 2517 specimens of patients with diarrhea. The results obtained are as follow: Salmonella typhimurium: 6 cases 3.1 percent, Salmonella havana: 5 cases 2.6 percent, Shigella dysenteriae: 12 cases 6.2 percent, Shigella flexneri: 26 cases 13.5 percent, Shigella boydii: 8 cases 4.1 percent, Shigella sonnei: 24 cases 12.4 percent, Enteropathogenic E.coli: 11 cases 5.7 percent, Enteroinvasive E.coli: 2 cases 1 percent, Yersinia enterocolitica: - cases - percent, Vibrio cholera: - cases - percent, Aeromonas hydrophila: 6 cases 3.1 percent, Plesiomonas shigelloides: 1 cases 0.5 percent, Toxigenic C.difficile: 36 cases 18.7 percent, Enterotogenic c.perfringens: 6 cases 3.1 percent, Campylobacter jejuni: 50 cases 25.9 percent.

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325 female students of Zahedan at the average age of 16.2 years old (16-22) were randomly selected to study the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia. Hb, hematocrit, MCV, MCHC, iron, TIBC and ferritin were measured. Results showed that in the population studied 3.4%, 27.7%, 4.3%, 11.7%, 25.5%, 11.4% had their Hb, MCV, serum iron, tranferrin saturation, ferritin respectively below the WHO standards. The correlation coefficient between Hb, MCV and hematocrit, serum iron was r=0.54, P<0.00001, r=0.38, P<0.00001 respectively. Also the correlation coefficient between transferring saturation, serum iron and ferrin was r=0.94, P<0.00001, r=0.31, P<0.00001 respectively. Our study shows that hematological and biochemical markers of iron status of the young Zahedan girls at puberty are lower than WHO standards and these girls might be at risk of iron deficiency anemia.

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In this research anxiety and depression and their association with 32 different factors in students of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences were measured. Levels of anxiety and depression were assessed by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (from 2, Trait) and Beck Depression Inventory. A questionnaire made of demographic data, educational and noneducational activities, the presence of medical or psychiatric disorders (over last year) and students' feelings about relationships with their parents as well as educational and financial matters was given to the subjects. Seventy percent of all of the university students completed the two inventories plus questionnaire. Twenty-one percent had a number of 18 or more (the cut-off point for depression) in Beck inventory and 33.4% had a number of 51 or more (the cut off point for anxiety) in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (from 2, Trait). Differents levels of depression and anxiety and associated variables in each group were determined and discussed.

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The growth and developmental status of 252 children with low birth weight (<2500 gr) born from 1988 to 1989 as cases were compared with 312 children with normal birth weight (>2500 gr) at the fifth birthday. The results of comparing these two groups of children show that: 1) In relation to weight for age of survivors, with increasing of age, weight gaining is higher in the control group in comparison with the case group (P=0.00). 2) In relation to height for age the study revealed, that this indicator differs in two groups but the difference is not significant. 3) In regard to Gomez classification: The percentages of all grades of malnutrition (mild, moderate, severe) is grater in the case group than controls. 4) By considering the developmental criteria (skipping, drawing triangle from copy, naming 5 colors, repeating sentences of 10 syllables, counting of 10 coins correctly and respectively): The study showed that developmental indicator of the case group differs from controls. The test statistic "t" showed, there is a significant difference between two variables (P=0.005). 5) By using the Riven test for evaluation of IQ, our findings characterized that, the IQ mean of the LBW and NBW are not truely different.

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Since the heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) produced by yersinia enterocolitica is similar to enterotoxin production by E. coli, it is probably classified among toxinogenic bacteria. The culture filtrate of ST-producing strains of Y. enterocolitica is able to activate Guanylate cyclase and to increase fluid accumulation action of cylic Guanosin 3', 5' - monophosphate (cGMP) in sucking mouse intestine. For production of enterotoxin (ST), three strains of Y. enterocolitica (4052-6809-6810) were selected from the Institute Pasteur culture collection. All were serotype 3, biotype 4 and had been isolated from patients with diarrhea. After obtaining a suitable amount of enterotoxin (ST), the crude toxin was fractionated by various methods including: Ultrafiltration, gel filtration, high performance liquid chromatography (H.P.L.C) and isoelectric focusing. The results showed that the purified (ST) has a molocular weight of about 5000 to 10000 dalton. Moreover, isolectric focusing of the (ST) in a gradient pH of 6.3 to 2.5 indicated that the toxin has two fractions, designated ST1 and ST2, with isoelectric points of Pi = 3.1 and Pi 2.9, respectively. Further study revealed that both fractions had similar toxin effect in the gut of sucking mice

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Disodium hemiphthalate Glycyrrhetinic acid (DHGA) possesses anti-inflammatory and analgestic activities. In our research, this agent was injected intraperitoneally to mice, according to the following schedule.
1) 25 mg/kg, 50mg/kg & 75mg/kg at 7th day of pregnancy.
2) 50 mg/kg & 75mg/kg at 8th day of pregnancy.
3) 50mg/kg & 75mg/kg at 9th day of pregnancy.
DHGA with doses of 50mg/kg and 75mg/kg at 7th, 8th and 9th day, delays the growth, decreases developing of ossification centers (specially in hand and foot middle phalanxes), decreases the number of caudal vertebrae of sacro-illiac joint and results in slight but important increases in fetus mortality.
Abbreviations
H & E=Haematoxylin & Eosin
CRL=Crown-Rump Length
BPD=Biparietal Diameter
W=Weight
ETS=Embryo Toxicity Score

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Sixty-nine children with phenylketonuria (PKU) under coverage of Tehran Genetic Research and
Consultation Center, fed Lofenalac and Phenylfree were studied. The 24-hour dietary recall method was used
to determine food intake and blood samples were analyzed for iron parameters. The results showed that over
7% of the children had a low intake of energy, protein and iron. In addition, hemoglobin and hematocrit were
lower than normal in 3.1% of the children, while in 24.2% of them there was decreased serum transferrin
saturation percent. There was a statistically significant relationship between lenght of diet therapy and iron
parameters. The findings show that inadequate nutrient intakes may, over time, cause appearance of anemia signs in the children with PKU dependent on special formulations