Showing 732 results for GhA
Kalbasi G, Talebian Moghaddam S, Ebrahimi Takamjani S, Oliaei Gr, Maroofi N, Galaei S,
Volume 63, Issue 2 (12 2005)
Abstract
Background: One of the most important concerns in orthopedic medicine is the low back. Considering the importance of muscle function in preventing LBT by controlling too much load and stress applied on the spinal joints and ligaments.
Materials and Methods: The aim of this research was to determine the timing and level of activities of lumbopelvic muscles in response to postural perturbations caused by unexpected loading of the upper limbs in standing on three different supporting surfaces (neutral, positive slope, negative slope) in 20 healthy females 18 to 30 years old ( = 23.20 SD = 2.55 ). The electromyographic signals were recorded from the deltoid, gluteus maximus, internal oblique abdominis and lumbar paraspinal muscles of the dominant side of the body to evaluate the onset time, end time, level of muscle activity (RMS) and duration of different muscles in one task and one muscle in different tasks.
Results: The results showed that the agonists (posterior muscles) activated at first to compensate the flexor torque caused by loading and then the antagonists (anterior muscles) switched-on to compensate the reaction forces caused by agonist activities. With regards to continuous activity of internal oblique and its attachments via thoracalumbar fascia to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, it can be considered as one of the major stabilizer muscles of the trunk .
Conclusion: Finally the results indicated that supporting surface type didn’t have any effect on timing and scaling of muscle activities in different tasks suggesting that probably spinal and trunk priprioceptors are just responsible for triggering postural responses and they don’t have any role in determining timing and scaling.
Sadeghi Poor Roodsari Hr, Heidari Ab, P Ghazy Sherbaf ,
Volume 63, Issue 2 (12 2005)
Abstract
Background: It was believed that Inhabitant of Islamshahr avoid referring to their health centers and health posts to receive bargain medical services. In search for the rate and causes of such neglect, this study was formed.
Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study from all urban centers and health posts under the supervision of Islamshahr health network, 712 files were selected randomly.
Results: Investigating the selected files it revealed that 25% were complete, 51% were defective and 24% were blank. In other words, only 25% of the files were complete and 75% of the files showed lack of full participation in primary care services. In the process of evaluation of each separate service unit, more defective files were found in family planning and oral health programs. But in the prenatal care and growth observation units, the number of complete files was a little higher than the number of defective ones. This is probably justifiable de to free vaccination of children and pregnant women, which causes the customer to refer to the mentioned units. In search for the causes of this lack of participation, 533 defective files were selected and those families were interviewed through some questionnaires.
Conclusion: In family planning and growth observation and prenatal care, the interviewees believed that there was no need for them to seek such services. This in turn shows their lack of knowledge about the necessity of these cares. In case of oral health, lack of such unite in the health center was mentioned as the reason. More details are discussed in the article.
Moghaddamy Tabrizi N, Mirzaei M, Eazadi Mood N,
Volume 63, Issue 4 (13 2005)
Abstract
Background: In 2-4% of couples in fertile ages, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) occurs which consisted one out of 300 pregnancies. The aim of this study was to comparison insulin resistance (IR) in patients with RPL to normal individuals.
Materials and Methods: In a case-controlled, prospective study, 49 non-pregnant, non-diabetic women with early RPL as the case group and 49 non-pregnant, non-diabetic women without RPL who had at least one live infant as the control group, and were matched by age, weight, and height, were enrolled. In both groups fasting insulin and glucose levels were measured and insulin resistance, which was defined as a fasting insulin (FI) level ≥20 microU/mL or a fasting glucose to insulin ratio (FGI ratio) of <4.5, was calculated.
Results: The RPL and control groups were similar with respect to age, BMI, fasting glucose levels and glucose to insulin ratios. FI was significantly higher in RPL group than control group (15.20±5.82 vs. 12.23±5.64 microU/mL). Also the frequency of patients with high FI (FI≥20µU/ml) in RPL group was significantly higher than in control group (22.45% vs. 6.12%, Odds Ratio=4.44, Confidence Interval 95%=1.15-17.07). Among the RPL group, 24.49% demonstrated insulin resistance, whereas only 8.16% of the matched controls were insulin resistant (Odds Ratio=3.65, Confidence Interval 95%=1.08-12.26). The RPL and control groups had similar in frequency of low FGI ratio. Also there was no significant difference between mean of FGI ratio in patients with fewer than 12 weeks miscarriage compared to over 12 weeks in RPL group.
Conclusion: Women with RPL have a significantly increased prevalence of insulin resistance when compared with matched fertile controls. It's recommended that in all women with RPL the glucose and insulin measurement should be carried.
Mehrdad R, Esmaeili Javid G, Hasan Zadeh H, Sotoodeh Manesh A, Ghasemi M,
Volume 63, Issue 4 (13 2005)
Abstract
Background: This study was designed to compare low-level laser therapy (LLLT) + exercise therapy with LLLT alone and exercise therapy alone, and to determine whether laser therapy is a useful treatment modality for chronic low back pain (LBP).
Materials and Methods: This study was a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Patients with chronic LBP for at least 12 weeks were included. Visual analogue scale (VAS), Modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (MODQ), Schober test, flexion, extension and lateral bending were used to evaluate back pain, disability score and lumbar range of motion. Irradiation was performed with GaAlAs (=810 nm, power density=226 mW/cm2) laser, two times a week, over a period of 6 weeks. Subjects were evaluated before the first treatment, at week 6 and 12 follow-up.
Results: The reduction in pain related to motion was significantly greater in the exercise + LLLT group compared with the exercise alone group (P = 0.004) but was not significant, compared with LLLT alone (P = 0.982). Disability score in LLLT + exercise therapy reduced more than the other two groups, and the difference with exercise alone group was significant (p = 0.03). Comparison of reduction of disability between LLLT alone and exercise therapy alone was not statistically significant. Improvement of lumbar range of motion in patients treated with LLLT + exercise therapy was better than the other two groups significantly, especially by Schober test and Flexion and lateral bending.
Conclusion: This study clearly shows that LLLT alone and especially LLLT combined with exercise can lead to better improvement in chronic LBP.
A.s Moosavi, F Mehrabi , Z Ghanbari,
Volume 64, Issue 1 (30 2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Tension-free Tape for the surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.
Materials and Methods: In a prospective open study for pre and post operative, we followed 36 patients at least 1.5 years after surgery (18-28 months) all patients underwent the operation under local anesthesia, allowing the surgeon to check intra-operatively that continence has been obtained.
Results: Mean operation time was 36 minutes (range 20-45 minutes). 32(89%) of the patients was cured according to the protocol, another 3(8.3%) were significantly improved and there was 1(2.7%) failure. Mast of patients (about 91%) were operated on a one day-care basis, which implies that they were released from the hospital the day after the procedure, and no post operative catheterization, defect healing and tape rejection occurred. Pain free recovery time without any analgesic was another benefit. Five patients needed an indwelling catheter for 3 days and two uncomplicated hematoma occurred.
Conclusion: Based on the results, we conclude that Tension-free Vaginal Tape is a safe and effective ambulatory procedure for surgical treatment of genuine stress urinary incontinence, which allows the majority of the women to be discharged from the clinic the day after the procedure and start their works in the second week.
O Taziki, M Lesanpezeshki , R Abolghasemi,
Volume 64, Issue 1 (30 2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: What constitutes adequate dialysis has been debated in the nephrology literature over the past years. We believed that short and infrequent dialysis session contributed to poor outcome. This result provides additional evidence that (KT/V) in a flawed concept upon which to based the dose dialysis in general. Base on published evidence from many source we proposed a new index of adequacy of hemodialysis to be called hemodialysis product (HDP).
Materials and Methods: The prospective study was performed on 100 dialysis patient in the Imam hospital dialysis ward in Tehran during 2002. delivered (KT/V) and (HDP) achieved for any patient separated. Results: 100 patients including 44 female and 56 male were studied. Result has shown (KT/V) d≥ 1 in 43% and (KT/V) d< 1 in 57%. HDP in patient with (KT/V) d > 1 were ≥ 36. HDP in patient with (KT/V) d < 1 were < 36. Correlation between (KT/V) d and albumin was significant (p< 0.03, Albumin ≥ 4 mg/dl). Correlation between (KT/V) d and cholesterol, hemoglobin, creatinine were not significant. Correlation between (KT/V) d and HDP was significant (p< 0.001).
Conclusion: Finding above has shown that higher weekly delivered (KT/V) correlate with dialysis result increase hemodialysis product (HDP). More frequent and session dialysis results increase in HDP, provide better weekly (KT/V) d with normal albumin (show good caloric and protein intake).
B Behnoosh, A Pajm, F Taghaddosinejad , M Dalirrad,
Volume 64, Issue 1 (30 2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Due to the increased usage of carbamazepine, phenytoin and Sodium Valproate, a higher number of intoxication is to be expected. The aim of this Study is demographic evaluation of this agents.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional survey we studied 93 patients who were poisoned with these drugs from July 2003 until July 2004, in Loghman Hakeem hospital, Tehran, Iran.
Results: In this study we found these results: 36.6 % were male and 63.4 % of patients were female mean age of patients were about 24.5 y. twenty nine present (29) % were routinely on these drugs. Mean time between consumption and admission was 6 hours and 56% of them had decreased level of consciousness and 90% had high serum level of drugs. 80% of them showed complications such as respiratory distress, Urinary tract infection and etc and 4.5% of patients admitted in ICU and mortality rate was 2%
Conclusion: Results of this study are compatible with other studies and according to high prevalence of overdose with these drugs we must focus on prevention factors like education for suitable management, good care, psychiatric consult and proper Treatment.
G Tarighat Saber, S Zarei, A Etemadi, Mr Mohammadi , G Shams,
Volume 64, Issue 2 (30 2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Anxiety is the most common psychological distress in cancer patients. Many studies have been conducted to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression and the predisposing factors of psychological morbidity in cancr patients. Patients knowledge of disease, their desire for more information, their satisfaction of given information and their attitudes’ towards communication of information about cancer are among issues that have not been well anddressed in assessment of psychological morbidity of cancer patients in Iran.
Materials and Methods: 250 cancer patients of 15-75 age group who were referred to Cancer Institute entered the study. The patients’ knowledge of disease, their desire for more information, their attitude and satisfaction were assessed by Questionnaire n1. patients’ anxiety and depression scores were assessed by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
Results: 30 of patients had severe anxiety symptoms and 17% suffered severe depression most patients’ knowledge of disease was “low” (32%) and “intermediate” (54%). There was no significant correlation between knowledge and anxiety and depression. Most patients (69%) believed that the information given by physicians had been “insufficient”. Depression score was significantly higher in this group of patients compared to other patients. Most patients (59%) had a high level of desire for gaining more information and 64% believed that physicians should inform patients of different aspects of disease as much as possible. There was no significant correlation between patients’ desire and attitude and anxiety and depression. Level of satisfaction was “low” in 29% of patients and “intermediate” in 39%. Depression and anxiety scores were significantly higher in patients who were less satisfied with given information.
Conclusion: Low level of knowledge in most cancer patients, their high desire for gaining more information, their dissatisfaction of given information and their positive attitudes towards full disclosure of information about cancer in this study, all indicate that complete and honest disclosure of information to cancer patients by physicians should be improved and encouraged. Although it seems that amount of information given doesn’t influence the psychological morbidity in cancer patients the patients’ satisfaction of given information, which has implications for the quality of patient-physician communication, plays a far more important role in occurance of psychological morbidity in cancer patients. Meanwhile, negative public opinion of cancer and its prognosis greatly influences the physicians functions and the quality of communication process, and also has negative effects on cancer patients’ psychological adjustment.
M.a Shabani-Samghabadi, H Mazaher, J Jannati, H Saberi,
Volume 64, Issue 3 (1 2006)
Abstract
Background: Occlusive disease of lower extremity arteries are so common and cause severe stenosis or complete local obstruction in arteries as it need treatment. The treatment could be surgery or interventional procedures like angioplasty or implant of stent. Sometimes such treatments are impossible because of severity or location of complication and cause amputation.The purpose of this study is an assessment about more common locations of arterial obstruction in lower extremities which is necessary for treatment planning and prediction for efficient supplements.
Methods: In this descriptive study from 2000 until 2005, 100 patients with occlusive disease of lower extremity arteries who underwent angiography in medical imaging center of Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran had been studied according to location of arterial obstructions. In the point of view of homodynamic conditions, obstructions over 70% consider important, so all of these patients had arterial obstruction over 70% up to 100%.
Results: Our findings show that the most common locations of arterial obstruction in lower extremity are superficial femoral artery (47%), arteries of leg (21%) and iliac arteries (19%).
Conclusion: This study can show appropriate assessment of the most common locations of arterial obstruction in lower extremity to predict supplements that may be needed for treatment of these patients.
V Shariat, M Asadi, M Norouzian, M Pakravan-Nejad, O Yahyazadeh, Sh Aghayan,
Volume 64, Issue 3 (1 2006)
Abstract
Background: Mental health of prisoners, as a high risk group, is of considerable importance. Unfortunately limited data is currently available about psychiatric morbidity of this group in Iran. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of axis I disorders in prisoners and their correlation with the type of offense.
Methods: Using stratified random sampling 351 prisoners from five offense categories (54 from financial, 71 from violent, 74 from nonviolent, 72 from drug related and 80 from immoral acts subgroup) were recruited into the study, and examined by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.
Results: Eighty- eight percent of the prisoners had experienced at least one axis I disorder throughout their lives, and 46.9% met the criteria for current disorders. Substance related (78%) and mood disorders (48.7%) were the most prevalent of lifetime disorders. However, mood (30.7%) and adjustment (12.6%) disorders had the highest amounts in current diagnoses. The total number of disorders was lowest in the financial subgroup. The drug related subgroup had lower rate of anxiety and higher rate of substance related disorders.
Conclusion: Compared to western studies, the prevalence of axis I disorders in this study is among the highest. The fact that about half of all prisoners at the time of study suffered from at least one axis I disorder shows the emergent need of this group for more mental health care and services.
S.z.ghodsi, Z.n. Hatmi, A. Nikfarjam, F. Safar, P.noormohammadpoor, M. Asheghan,
Volume 64, Issue 3 (1 2006)
Abstract
Background: Acne is one of the most common skin diseases especially in adolescence. Different studies have reported unequal rates of facial acne prevalence in different countries and populations. Only a few cases of acne in the trunk area (back and chest) have been reported in literature. Although our clinical experience shows lower prevalence of truncal acne in comparison with facial acne, a community based study is needed to support this experience.
Methods: A total number of 1001 high school students, selected randomly from 5 out of 20 education-ministry subdivisions of Tehran, were included. In each area two high schools (one for boys and one for girls) with almost 100 students per high school were selected. Demographic data, family history and clinical findings were recorded in the questionnaires. Consensus Conference on Acne Classification was used for acne grading.
Results: One thousand one high school students, 503 girls and 498 boys ,were included. Prevalence of acne was 91.1% for face (95%CI: 83-99%), 93.4% in boys and 88.6% in girls. It was 53.4% for back (95%CI: 46-62.2%), 58.5% in boys and 36.9% in girls. Whereas for chest the prevalence was 36% (95%CI: 27-45%), 34.9% in boys and 36.9% in girls. Mean age of the students with truncal acne was 16.1 years where as 15.9 in others. This difference was significant (P<0.05). Positive family history was higher in students with truncal acne (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Truncal acne is less prevalent than facial acne. Acne on the back is significantly higher in boys than girls (P=0.002). Severe forms of acne in back may be more prevalent in boys. Positive family history can increase the risk of truncal acne.
M. Adel Ghahraman, F. Hajiabolhassan, M. Naraghi, M. Sedaei, E. Entezari, M. Haddadi Avval, P. Kamali,
Volume 64, Issue 3 (1 2006)
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to identify variables affecting outcome in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) treated with canalith repositioning maneuver (CRM).
Methods: This interventional study was conducted on 58 patients (14 males, 44 females, mean age 48.12+13.22) referred to the Vertigo Rehabilitation Clinic of the Rehabilitation School of Tehran University of Medical Sciences from 2002 to 2004. All patients were treated with CRM. According to the treatment efficacy the patients were allocated in three groups: completely treated, partially treated, and not treated. The effect of factors including age, sex, etiology, duration of BPPV, unilateral or bilateral disease, number of maneuvers, and number of sessions on outcome in patients was evaluated.
Results: Forty-nine patients (84.5%) were completely cured. Age, sex, etiology, and duration did not significantly affect the treatment outcome. Unilateral BPPV can be treated significantly better than bilateral BPPV. Forty-seven patients who were completely treated needed 1 session and thirty-seven of them required 2 maneuvers.
Conclusion: CRM is significantly effective for BPPV treatment. Treating unilateral BPPV is expected to be easier. As most of the patients will be cured by 1 or 2 maneuvers or in 1 session, patients who required more sessions or more maneuvers may not be completely treated.
Z. Ghanbari, B.hajibaratali, M.fazaeli, P. Mehdizadeh, M. Dadyar,
Volume 64, Issue 3 (1 2006)
Abstract
Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common presenting symptom indicative of abnormal menstrual bleeding patterns that may occur in anovulatory or ovulatory women.There are different ways to diagnose AUB, all requiring much time and energy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the value of endometrial biopsy, transvaginal ultrasonography with dilation and curettage (D&C) which is the current gold standard procedure.
Methods: A prospective-descriptive study was conducted on fifty patients referred to our center for refractory abnormal uterine bleeding who were candidates for hysterectomy. All patients underwent endometrial biopsy and transvaginal ultrasonography , followed by D&C as a Gold standard procedure in operating room just before surgery.
Results: Mean age of patients was 46.62 years. Transvaginal utrasonography offered a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 68% demonstrating the lowest numbers compared to D&C. Endometrial biopsy had a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 75% that was better than sonography alone.
Conclusion: D&C was the most useful and valuable procedure and addition of endometrial biopsy with transvaginal ultrasonography will not be of high value in diagnosis.
M. Khosravi, M. Ghaheryfar, A. Monfared,
Volume 64, Issue 4 (1 2006)
Abstract
Background: The etiology of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in every community differ according to genetic, nutrition, and public health status. ESRD,the terminal stage of chronic renal failure,needs replacement therapy otherwise could lead to death. The aim of the study is to determine the relative frequency of ESRD etiology in hemodialysis patients of Gilan province.
Methods:This descriptive study was performed on 407 patients who were being hemodialysis in all hemodialysis centers of the Gilan province from September 2002 to September 2003. The original data was collected from the medical records of patients.
Results: The most prevalent causes were: hypertension 35.4% unknown etiology 16.2% diabetes melitus 13.8% , glomerulopathies 9.6% , urologic causes 9.1%, cystic kidney diseases 7.6 % other causes 5.9 % congenital 2.5%.
Conclusion: In our study hypertension was the first etiology of ESRD, followed by unknown causes, however nephrology textbooks indicate diabetes melitus as the primary and hypertension as the secondary etiology of ESRD,.
R. Ghaznavi, M. Kadkhodaee, H. Khastar, M.zahmatkesh,
Volume 64, Issue 5 (1 2006)
Abstract
Background: In recent publications, several mechanisms have been implicated in gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity. Reactive oxygen species have been proposed as one of the causative factors of the drug renal side effects. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of the antioxidant vitamins against GM-mediated nephropathy in insitu isolated rat kidneys.
Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of the following groups of seven rats: Group 1 (control) was tyrode perfused kidneys. Group 2 (GM), 200µg/ml gentamicin was added to the perfusate. Group 3 (GM + Vit C), the same as group 2 but vitamin C (200 mg/L) was added to the drinking water for 3 days and 100 mg/L to the perfusate. Group 4 (GM + Vit E), the same as group 2 but vitamin E (100 mg/100 g BW, ip) was injected 12 h before experiments. Group 5 (GM + Vit C + Vit E) the same as group 2 but Vit E and C were co-administered (same as Group 3 & 4). Urinary N-acetyle-B-D-glucosaminidas (NAG) and renal cortex superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured and tissue histological evaluations were performed.
Results: Gentamicin caused a significant nephrotoxicity demonstrated by increase in urinary NAG. Decline in SOD contents were observed comparing to controls. Vit C or Vit E inhibited the gentamicin-induced increased releases of NAG into urine but did not show a significant effect on the SOD levels.
Conclusion: Co-administration of VitC&E significantly prevented the GM nephrotoxicity demonstrating by preservation of SOD levels and prevention of increase in urinary enzyme activities. Histological studies of renal tissues provided additional evidences for protective effects of antioxidant vitamins. We concluded that moderate doses of Vit C & E have protective effects in gentamicin nephrotoxicity and co-administration of these vitamins have additional beneficial effects.
F. Ghaemmaghami, A. Mousavi, Z.b. Ale Mohammad,
Volume 64, Issue 5 (1 2006)
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women.Conization of the cervix is one of the best diagnostic and therapeutic modality in preinvasive lesion of the cervix.
Methods: In this retrospective study we have evaluated the indications,complications, cytopathologic results, diagnostic and therapeutic value of 44 patients who underwent cervical conization.
Results: Age of the study group ranged from 18 to 75 (mean=43.18, SD=±11.4), and their parity ranged from 0 to 10 (mean 4-5, SD=±2-3). Ten cases (22.7%) were menopauses. The main indication was inability to visualize the entire T.zone (19 cases/43.2%) that was more prevalent in menopauses (50%/5cases in menopauses and 41.2% /14 cases in premenopauses). Bleeding occurred in 2 cases (4.5%) and urinary infection in 1 case (2.3%). The most common histologic result after conization was mild dysplasia in 23 cases (52.3%). The most common colposcopic biopsy result was moderate dysplasia in 16 cases (36.4%).The most common pap smear result was HSIL in 16 cases (36.4%). Two cases (4.5%) had invasive cancer in colposcopic- biopsy: one of them had ASCUS in the pap and another one had HSIL. Four cases (9.1%) had invasive cancer in histologic report: one of which had ASCUS on the pap and the others had HSIL.
Conclusion: Pap smear in screening of cervical cancer are not reliable and colposcopy is more acceptable in LSIL and ASCUS. Gynecologists should develop the skill to perform an accurate knife conization because the classical indications for conization continue to be valid and it has a low complication rate.
Z. Ghanbari, M. Dahaghein, M. Ghafarnejad, T. Eftekhar, M. Dadyar,
Volume 64, Issue 6 (3 2006)
Abstract
Background: To evaluate long-term outcome and satisfaction of MacIndo surgery with and without amnion graft.
Methods: This is a historical cohort study of patients who were treated with the McIndo procedure for vaginal agenesis. Participants answered a structured questionnaire to describe outcome in sexual function and satisfaction. Patient characteristics along with short and long-term endings were abstracted from the medical records.
Results: Thirty-five patients responded to the questionnaire. Average age (±SD) at surgery was 28.4 ± 3 years (range 17- 48 years). The mean number of years (±SD) since surgery was 7 years (range 2-12 years). In 15 patients (42.8%) amniotic graft were amniotic graft were used only in is patients (42.8%). There was no relation between two types of surgery (long-term outcome and satisfaction with p-values of 0.346 and 0.758 respectively).
Conclusions: Since there was not a statistical difference between these two types of McIndo methods, it is recommended to apply the procedure in which amnion is not used. This procedure (without amnion graft), is an easier method with less operation time and reduced viral (HIV…) transmission.
A. Rahimi Movaghar, A. Farhoudian, R. Rad Goodarzi, V. Sharifi, M. Yunesian, M.r. Mohammadi,
Volume 64, Issue 6 (3 2006)
Abstract
Background: In the year 2003, an earthquake in Bam led to death and injury of many of the inhabitants. The aim of this study was to the changes in opioid drug use in the survivers eight months after the earthquake in comparison with the month before the quake and its related factors.
Methods: An epidemiologic survey was carried out on 779 survivors, selected by desert sampling from the Bam citizens in the age of 15 and over. Bivariate and multivariate Logestic regression analysis were done for examining the relationship between an increase in opioid use and various factors.
Results: An increase in opioid use was reported in 18.3 percent of men and 2.3 percent of women. Odds Ratio (OR) for increase in opioid use was 9.4 times more in men than in women (95% CI=4.9-18.0). In men, increase in opioid use was related with the history of opioid use during the month before earthquake (OR=5.6, 95% CI=2.4-13.1), age (OR in age group 30 to 44 was 4.7 times more than age below 30, with 95% CI from 1.8 to12.1), and PTSD (OR=3.7, 95% CI=1.5-9.2). In women, it was only related to the history of opioid use during the month before earthquake (OR=43.8, 95% CI=12.5-154.0).
Conclusion: The findings show that following disasters, especially in the areas or groups that drug use is common, an increase in the drug use might occur. In these situations provision of preventive and treatment interventions particularly for at risk population is necessary.
M. Togha, M. Rahmat, K. Nilavary, H. Ashrafian, S Razeghi,
Volume 64, Issue 6 (3 2006)
Abstract
Background: Calcium-antagonists (CA) are heterogeneous group of drugs with different efficacy in migraine prophylaxis. Several studies have firmly demonstrated flunarizine (FLU), and verapamil as the proven calcium-antagonists for migraine prophylaxis. Cinnarizine (CIN), is another CA with less complications and less antihistaminic action. There is very few studies to show the effect of this drug on migraine. The current study evaluates the efficacy and safety of cinnarizine on migraine in comparison to sodium valproate, an acceptable drug in migraine prophylaxis.
Methods: The current study is a randomized double blind clinical trial on 133 participants with intractable migraine headache to evaluate the positive effect of cinnarizine in comparison to sodium valproate. The data was collected and analized by SPSS software.
Results: The mean age of cases was 34.3±10 years in Cinnarizine group and 33.4±11 in Sodium Valproate users. The headache frequency decreased to about 50% and its severity to about 30% in both groups. Although the effect of Cinnarizine was started earlier than sodium valproate , there was no significant difference between two groups of cases in improvement of headache attacks. Statistically significant difference was noted in drug’s complication led to discontinuation of treatment, 5.2% in Cinnarizine users in respect to 14% in valproate group.
Conclusion: The patients who received Cinnarizine, similar to the patients on sodium valprote showed significant improvement in headache attacks, frequency, duration and severity. Cinnarizine such as sodium valproate is an effective drug in migraine prophylaxis even in intractable headache, but with lesser severe complication.
Zafarghandi N, Zafarghandi A.sh, Hadavand Sh, Zayeri F, Hamzeloo L,
Volume 64, Issue 7 (9 2006)
Abstract
Background: To identify the risk factors of fourth-degree laceration during vaginal delivery.
Methods: This is a retrospective, case control study. We reviewed 131802 records of vaginal deliveries within 14 years period from 1990 to 2004 in two obstetric center. Cases were 93 vaginal deliveries with fourth-degree laceration and 7 cases were delivered at home, control subjects were 200 vaginal deliveries without third- or fourth-degree lacerations and were identified with the use of random selection. We studied the effects of: maternal age, nationality, parity, gestational age, hour of delivery, birth attendants, episiotomy use and duration of second stage of labor, use of oxytocin, use of forceps or vaccum, Infant birth weight, presentation and postion of fetus, previous severe perineal injury, maternal medical illness and place of delivery.
Results: We found 93 cases (%0.07) of documented fourth-degree laceration in 131802 deliveries
Conclusion: This study identified several factors associated with fourth-degree laceration. Median episiotomy should be avoided. Nulliparity, fetal macrosomia and OP position are significant risk factors that require caution by birth attendants during delivery
