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Neda Faraji, Mahbobeh Alizadeh, Asghar Ghorbani, Hadiseh Hosami Roodsari , Samane Akbarpour , Mohammad Arefi,
Volume 82, Issue 11 (February 2025)
Volume 82, Issue 11 (February 2025)
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate serum amylase levels in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and investigate its association with disease prognosis. Elevated serum amylase levels have been reported in some COVID-19 patients, particularly in severe cases. This increase may indicate pancreatic involvement (pancreatitis) due to viral infection. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the role of serum amylase levels as a prognostic marker in COVID-19 patients.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Baharloo Hospital, Tehran, over a one-year period (July 2021–July 2022). The results showed that 20% of patients (30 out of 150) had elevated serum amylase levels. Patients with high amylase levels had significantly longer hospital stays (mean 14 days vs. 8 days) and higher mortality rates (15% vs. 5%). Additionally, these patients were more likely to require intensive care (25% vs. 10%). Statistical analysis revealed that elevated serum amylase levels were independently associated with poorer clinical outcomes.
Results: These results have important clinical implications for patient management. Routine measurement of serum amylase at admission could help identify high-risk patients who may benefit from closer monitoring and early intervention. Further research is needed to determine whether specific treatments for pancreatic involvement could improve outcomes in these patients.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that measuring serum amylase levels at admission can serve as a simple and accessible marker for identifying high-risk patients. Elevated amylase in COVID-19 patients is an important biological indicator of multi-organ involvement (pancreas and kidney) and severe inflammation, which is associated with worse prognosis and higher mortality. Monitoring this marker may aid clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 at Baharloo Hospital, Tehran, over a one-year period (July 2021–July 2022). The results showed that 20% of patients (30 out of 150) had elevated serum amylase levels. Patients with high amylase levels had significantly longer hospital stays (mean 14 days vs. 8 days) and higher mortality rates (15% vs. 5%). Additionally, these patients were more likely to require intensive care (25% vs. 10%). Statistical analysis revealed that elevated serum amylase levels were independently associated with poorer clinical outcomes.
Results: These results have important clinical implications for patient management. Routine measurement of serum amylase at admission could help identify high-risk patients who may benefit from closer monitoring and early intervention. Further research is needed to determine whether specific treatments for pancreatic involvement could improve outcomes in these patients.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that measuring serum amylase levels at admission can serve as a simple and accessible marker for identifying high-risk patients. Elevated amylase in COVID-19 patients is an important biological indicator of multi-organ involvement (pancreas and kidney) and severe inflammation, which is associated with worse prognosis and higher mortality. Monitoring this marker may aid clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes
Farkhondeh Ajdari, Abolfazl Gheshlaghi , Aida Shakiba, Shirin Haghighat, Marzieh Jamalidoust, Jamal Sarvari ,
Volume 82, Issue 11 (February 2025)
Volume 82, Issue 11 (February 2025)
Abstract
Background: The exact cause chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is still unknown. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) may play a role in the development of CLL, Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the frequency of CMV in patients with CLL and its relationship with blood and genetic factors.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2020 and October 2022 on 40 CLL patients that referred to Dr. Daneshbod Pathobiology Laboratory (Shiraz, Iran). After taking blood and separating the buffy coat, viral DNA was extracted using a commercial DNA extraction kit and the CMV burden was measured using Real-time PCR assay. Moreover, a blood cell count test was performed. The amount of lactate dehydrogenase of the serum was measured using the kit. Also, common chromosomal disorders and CD38 marker related data were extracted from the file patients. SPSS software and Student's t-test were used to result analysis.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.25 ± 10.49 years. Of the 40 patients, 28 were men (70%). The average number of white blood cells was 46.06±1.49* 109, which was significantly higher in women than in men (p=0.031). Real-time PCR results showed that two patients (5%) have detectable amounts of CMV virus genome. The level of lactate dehydrogenase, CD38 marker, and the number of malignant cells in male and female patients did not differ significantly (p=0.362). Moreover, chromosomal abnormalities include deletions in 11q (ATM) and 17P (TP53), were observed in 3 (7.5%) and 4 (10%) patients, respectively.
Conclusion: Our finding indicated the CMV might not involve in the pathogenesis of CLL disease. More studies are recommended for clarify this finding.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2020 and October 2022 on 40 CLL patients that referred to Dr. Daneshbod Pathobiology Laboratory (Shiraz, Iran). After taking blood and separating the buffy coat, viral DNA was extracted using a commercial DNA extraction kit and the CMV burden was measured using Real-time PCR assay. Moreover, a blood cell count test was performed. The amount of lactate dehydrogenase of the serum was measured using the kit. Also, common chromosomal disorders and CD38 marker related data were extracted from the file patients. SPSS software and Student's t-test were used to result analysis.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.25 ± 10.49 years. Of the 40 patients, 28 were men (70%). The average number of white blood cells was 46.06±1.49* 109, which was significantly higher in women than in men (p=0.031). Real-time PCR results showed that two patients (5%) have detectable amounts of CMV virus genome. The level of lactate dehydrogenase, CD38 marker, and the number of malignant cells in male and female patients did not differ significantly (p=0.362). Moreover, chromosomal abnormalities include deletions in 11q (ATM) and 17P (TP53), were observed in 3 (7.5%) and 4 (10%) patients, respectively.
Conclusion: Our finding indicated the CMV might not involve in the pathogenesis of CLL disease. More studies are recommended for clarify this finding.
Fatemeh Habibollahi, Ghazaleh Eslamian, Kiana Hasibi , Sepehr Khoshbaf Khiabanian , Bentolhosna Dehghan Nayeri , Aref Adeli Mosabbeb ,
Volume 82, Issue 12 (March 2025)
Volume 82, Issue 12 (March 2025)
Abstract
Background: Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy after one year or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) represent a key therapeutic approach for infertile couples. Bisphenol-A (BPA), a compound found in plastic polymer products, has been associated with increased infertility risk. This systematic review addresses whether BPA affects ART outcomes.
Methods: A comprehensive and systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus up to December 2024 without any language or time restrictions. The search strategy combined relevant keywords and medical subject headings such as “bisphenol A,” “infertility,” “assisted reproductive technology,” “in vitro fertilization,” and “embryo implantation.” All human studies assessing the relationship between BPA exposure and ART outcomes were considered. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 23 studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed in detail. The selected studies included cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs, and data on sample size, BPA measurement methods, and reproductive endpoints were extracted for qualitative synthesis.
Results: The reviewed studies consistently indicate that exposure to BPA is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, particularly in women undergoing IVF treatment. Evidence suggests that higher BPA levels correlate with fewer retrieved oocytes, reduced oocyte maturation rates, and impaired ovarian response to hormonal stimulation. Several studies also observed reduced estradiol concentrations and lower fertilization and cleavage rates, leading to decreased implantation success and clinical pregnancy rates. In addition, diminished ovarian reserve markers, such as anti-Müllerian hormone and antral follicle count, have been negatively influenced by BPA exposure. Male factors were also affected, with reports of decreased sperm motility, abnormal morphology, and increased DNA fragmentation, which could compromise embryo quality and early development. Variability in study methodologies, small sample sizes, and differences in BPA detection techniques, however, make direct comparison challenging.
Conclusion: Current evidence supports an inverse association between BPA exposure and fertility outcomes, but further prospective studies with larger sample sizes and more precise measurement methods are needed.
Methods: A comprehensive and systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus up to December 2024 without any language or time restrictions. The search strategy combined relevant keywords and medical subject headings such as “bisphenol A,” “infertility,” “assisted reproductive technology,” “in vitro fertilization,” and “embryo implantation.” All human studies assessing the relationship between BPA exposure and ART outcomes were considered. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 23 studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed in detail. The selected studies included cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs, and data on sample size, BPA measurement methods, and reproductive endpoints were extracted for qualitative synthesis.
Results: The reviewed studies consistently indicate that exposure to BPA is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, particularly in women undergoing IVF treatment. Evidence suggests that higher BPA levels correlate with fewer retrieved oocytes, reduced oocyte maturation rates, and impaired ovarian response to hormonal stimulation. Several studies also observed reduced estradiol concentrations and lower fertilization and cleavage rates, leading to decreased implantation success and clinical pregnancy rates. In addition, diminished ovarian reserve markers, such as anti-Müllerian hormone and antral follicle count, have been negatively influenced by BPA exposure. Male factors were also affected, with reports of decreased sperm motility, abnormal morphology, and increased DNA fragmentation, which could compromise embryo quality and early development. Variability in study methodologies, small sample sizes, and differences in BPA detection techniques, however, make direct comparison challenging.
Conclusion: Current evidence supports an inverse association between BPA exposure and fertility outcomes, but further prospective studies with larger sample sizes and more precise measurement methods are needed.
Saeideh Baghaei Barjini , Mozhgan Masoudi , Soheila Pirdadeh Beiranvand , Ashraf Moieni , Soodabeh Zare,
Volume 82, Issue 12 (March 2025)
Volume 82, Issue 12 (March 2025)
Abstract
Background: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is one of the infertility treatments that may lead to various levels of stress and anxiety in women at different stages. Multiple factors may contribute to these psychological disorders. This study aimed to assess the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression before embryo transfer in women undergoing ICSI.
Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from July to October 2024 on 70 women candidates for ICSI at Arash Women's Hospital in Tehran, prior to embryo transfer. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria included at least three years of infertility, no background in psychology or attendance in counseling sessions, no major physical or mental illnesses, and no severe stressful events in the past six months (such as the death of first-degree relatives or major accidents). Participants could withdraw from the study at any time. The DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale) was used to assess stress and anxiety levels. Based on the DASS-21, stress scores of 0-14 were considered normal or mild, 15-18 mild, 19-25 moderate, 26-32 severe, and ≥33 very severe. For anxiety, scores of 0-7 were considered normal or mild, 8-9 mild, 10-14 moderate, 15-19 severe, and ≥20 very severe. The validity of the tool was confirmed by Antony and validated in Iran by Sahebi.
Results: Among the 70 participants, 92.8% experienced stress and anxiety. The mean stress score was 20.77±4.87, and the mean anxiety score was 11.70±4.23, indicating moderate levels. Women over 42 years old had significantly lower stress scores compared to others (P<0.001). Conversely, women under 30 showed significantly higher anxiety scores (P<0.01). No significant associations were found between stress/anxiety and other demographic or infertility-related factors (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that women undergoing embryo transfer in ICSI procedures commonly experience stress and anxiety. Therefore, appropriate psychological interventions are recommended to support this group during treatment.
Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from July to October 2024 on 70 women candidates for ICSI at Arash Women's Hospital in Tehran, prior to embryo transfer. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria included at least three years of infertility, no background in psychology or attendance in counseling sessions, no major physical or mental illnesses, and no severe stressful events in the past six months (such as the death of first-degree relatives or major accidents). Participants could withdraw from the study at any time. The DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale) was used to assess stress and anxiety levels. Based on the DASS-21, stress scores of 0-14 were considered normal or mild, 15-18 mild, 19-25 moderate, 26-32 severe, and ≥33 very severe. For anxiety, scores of 0-7 were considered normal or mild, 8-9 mild, 10-14 moderate, 15-19 severe, and ≥20 very severe. The validity of the tool was confirmed by Antony and validated in Iran by Sahebi.
Results: Among the 70 participants, 92.8% experienced stress and anxiety. The mean stress score was 20.77±4.87, and the mean anxiety score was 11.70±4.23, indicating moderate levels. Women over 42 years old had significantly lower stress scores compared to others (P<0.001). Conversely, women under 30 showed significantly higher anxiety scores (P<0.01). No significant associations were found between stress/anxiety and other demographic or infertility-related factors (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that women undergoing embryo transfer in ICSI procedures commonly experience stress and anxiety. Therefore, appropriate psychological interventions are recommended to support this group during treatment.
Babak Hooshmand-Moghadam , Abbas Ali Gaeini,
Volume 82, Issue 12 (March 2025)
Volume 82, Issue 12 (March 2025)
Abstract
Background: As survival rates among breast cancer patients improve, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a leading cause of long-term morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal survivors. This epidemiological transition from oncologic risk to cardiometabolic vulnerability reveals a critical yet underexplored dimension of survivorship care. Structured exercise training represents a promising intervention, and this narrative review-grounded in a systematic literature search investigates the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined training modalities on cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. The review synthesizes evidence across physiological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and implementation challenges to provide a comprehensive perspective on exercise oncology in this underserved population.
Methods: A systematic search of reputable international databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar as well as Persian databases SID and Magiran was conducted to identify relevant human studies, clinical trials, and randomized controlled trials published between January 2000 and April 2025. Screening, selection, and synthesis of the studies were performed in Iran between October 2024 and January 2025.
Results: Accumulating evidence supports that structured exercise especially combined aerobic and resistance training exerts substantial cardioprotective effects through multiple mechanisms, including reductions in systemic inflammation, improvements in body composition, regulation of blood pressure, enhancement of cardiorespiratory fitness, and improved left ventricular function. Combined interventions consistently outperformed single-modality programs, underscoring the importance of integrative approaches in oncologic rehabilitation. Despite this promise, persistent barriers such as limited access to trained personnel, lack of individualized protocols, and weak institutional support impede translation into routine practice. Notably, few existing reviews have bridged mechanistic, clinical, and operational domains in this population, highlighting a significant gap in the literature.
Conclusion: Exercise training is not merely an adjunct to care it is a clinically potent, physiologically grounded, and policy-relevant strategy for mitigating cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Given the increasing burden of CVD in this group, integrating personalized, evidence-based exercise into oncologic care pathways is both urgent and essential for advancing survivorship standards and informing future clinical guidelines.
Sahar Karimpour Reyhan , Mahsa Abbaszadeh, Alireza Esteghamati ,
Volume 83, Issue 1 (April 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 1 (April 2025)
Abstract
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Hyperthyroidism is one of the most important endocrine disorders, characterized by increased activity of the thyroid gland and excessive production of thyroid hormones. These hormones play a key role in regulating the body’s metabolism; therefore, their excess leads to a wide range of clinical manifestations. The most common symptoms include anxiety, restlessness, weight loss despite normal or even increased appetite, palpitations, excessive sweating, fine tremors of the hands, sleep disturbances, and heat intolerance. Some patients may also experience mood changes such as irritability and nervousness. On physical examination, rapid tendon reflexes, tachycardia, moist and thin skin, and in many cases the presence of goiter (thyroid enlargement) may be observed. The condition is more common in women than men and is most frequently seen between the ages of 20 and 50 years. Once hyperthyroidism is confirmed, the underlying cause of thyrotoxicosis must be determined. The most common cause is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder that leads to diffuse thyroid enlargement and overproduction of hormones. Toxic multinodular goiter and solitary toxic adenoma are other important causes. For definitive diagnosis, blood tests measuring TSH, T3, and T4 are essential. In hyperthyroidism, TSH is typically suppressed while T3 and T4 are elevated. In addition to laboratory testing, thyroid ultrasound can help evaluate the structure of the gland, and a thyroid radioactive iodine uptake scan can further differentiate between different causes and determine disease activity. Several treatment options are available for managing hyperthyroidism. Antithyroid drugs such as methimazole or propylthiouracil inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Beta-blockers are often prescribed to control cardiovascular symptoms and reduce palpitations. Radioactive iodine therapy is a common and effective method that destroys the overactive thyroid tissue. In rare cases, or when other treatments fail, thyroidectomy (surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland) may be required. Overall, hyperthyroidism is a manageable condition, but it requires accurate diagnosis, careful selection of therapy, and close follow-up with a specialist. Patient cooperation and adherence to treatment play a crucial role in controlling symptoms and preventing long-term complications. This review will focus on describing the symptoms, causes, diagnostic methods, and treatment options.
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Zakieh Vahedian Ardakani , Mehran Zarei-Ghanavati , Hamid Riazi-Esfahani , Seyed Mehdi Tabatabaei , Mohammad Reza Mehrabi Bahar, Sadegh Ghafarian, Ahmad Masoomi,
Volume 83, Issue 1 (April 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 1 (April 2025)
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in modern medicine, with ophthalmology standing at the forefront of its clinical integration. Among ophthalmic disorders, glaucoma—a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide—presents unique opportunities and challenges for AI-based solutions due to its chronic, progressive nature and reliance on multimodal data, including structural and functional assessments. This review article offers a comprehensive synthesis of the current and emerging roles of AI in the detection, monitoring, and management of glaucoma. AI algorithms, particularly deep learning and machine learning models, have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in interpreting fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, and visual field data to identify glaucomatous damage. These systems often approach or even exceed the diagnostic performance of human experts. Moreover, AI has shown significant promise in facilitating large-scale population-based screening, improving early detection rates, and addressing disparities in access to subspecialty care, particularly in low-resource and remote settings. In the monitoring of disease progression, AI tools are being developed to detect subtle structural or functional changes over time, predict future visual outcomes, and support more precise and individualized treatment decisions. Despite these advancements, the widespread clinical adoption of AI in glaucoma care faces several critical barriers. Key limitations include poor generalizability of models across diverse populations, imaging devices, and clinical settings; scarcity of well-annotated, high-quality, and demographically representative datasets; and a lack of transparency and interpretability in algorithmic decision-making—commonly referred to as the “black box” problem. Ethical concerns, regulatory uncertainty, integration challenges within existing healthcare infrastructures, and medico-legal accountability also require thoughtful resolution before AI can be reliably deployed in clinical practice. This review critically evaluates the strengths, limitations, and real-world potential of AI technologies in glaucoma. It provides clinicians, researchers, and healthcare policymakers with a balanced and up-to-date perspective, highlighting promising avenues for future research, including explainable AI, federated learning, multi-modal data integration, and longitudinal validation studies. By fostering a deeper understanding of both the opportunities and challenges associated with AI, this article aims to guide the responsible, equitable, and evidence-based integration of AI into comprehensive glaucoma care.
Mahasti Emami Hamzehkolaee , Amirhesam Alirezaei, Marjan Moudi, Sepide Veysi , Masoumeh Asgharpour,
Volume 83, Issue 2 (May 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 2 (May 2025)
Abstract
Background: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is widely used for hypertension, but electrolyte disorders-especially hyponatremia remain major safety concerns. Limited regional data on its prevalence, timing, and determinants may undermine patient safety. This retrospective study evaluated risk factors for HCTZ-associated hyponatremia in hospitalized adults with hypertension and identified predictors of its severity.
Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 217 patients hospitalized at Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol (2019-2021). Eligible participants were aged ≥18 years and had received HCTZ for at least seven consecutive days. Patients with baseline hyponatremia, concurrent use of drugs independently causing hyponatremia, or incomplete laboratory data were excluded. Demographic, clinical, medication, and biochemical variables were abstracted from medical records. Hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium <135 mmol/L and categorized as mild (130-134), moderate (125-129), or severe (<125). Predictors of occurrence were estimated with multivariable logistic regression; onset timing was assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model; and severity determinants were examined through multinomial logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.
Results: Hyponatremia occurred in 32.7% (71.217) of patients, most frequently within the early weeks of HCTZ treatment. Among affected individuals, 49.3% had mild, 31.0% moderate, and 19.7% severe hyponatremia. Adjusted analyses showed that older age, concurrent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, shorter HCTZ duration, and lower serum potassium and uric acid independently increased hyponatremia risk, while HCTZ dose and sex were nonsignificant. In the Cox model, older age and lower potassium and uric acid predicted earlier onset. Patients with hyponatremia more often presented with weakness, headache, altered consciousness, and seizures. Baseline glucose, creatinine, and most comorbidities were not independently associated with risk or timing.
Conclusion: HCTZ-related hyponatremia was common and typically emerged soon after initiation. Advanced age, NSAID co-administration, brief exposure, and reduced potassium and uric acid were practical, readily measurable markers associated with both occurrence and earlier onset. Routine early and repeated electrolyte monitoring particularly in older adults and patients receiving NSAIDs- together with patient education on warning symptoms is recommended. These findings highlight key predictors for targeted surveillance and prevention in similar clinical contexts.
Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 217 patients hospitalized at Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol (2019-2021). Eligible participants were aged ≥18 years and had received HCTZ for at least seven consecutive days. Patients with baseline hyponatremia, concurrent use of drugs independently causing hyponatremia, or incomplete laboratory data were excluded. Demographic, clinical, medication, and biochemical variables were abstracted from medical records. Hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium <135 mmol/L and categorized as mild (130-134), moderate (125-129), or severe (<125). Predictors of occurrence were estimated with multivariable logistic regression; onset timing was assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model; and severity determinants were examined through multinomial logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.
Results: Hyponatremia occurred in 32.7% (71.217) of patients, most frequently within the early weeks of HCTZ treatment. Among affected individuals, 49.3% had mild, 31.0% moderate, and 19.7% severe hyponatremia. Adjusted analyses showed that older age, concurrent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, shorter HCTZ duration, and lower serum potassium and uric acid independently increased hyponatremia risk, while HCTZ dose and sex were nonsignificant. In the Cox model, older age and lower potassium and uric acid predicted earlier onset. Patients with hyponatremia more often presented with weakness, headache, altered consciousness, and seizures. Baseline glucose, creatinine, and most comorbidities were not independently associated with risk or timing.
Conclusion: HCTZ-related hyponatremia was common and typically emerged soon after initiation. Advanced age, NSAID co-administration, brief exposure, and reduced potassium and uric acid were practical, readily measurable markers associated with both occurrence and earlier onset. Routine early and repeated electrolyte monitoring particularly in older adults and patients receiving NSAIDs- together with patient education on warning symptoms is recommended. These findings highlight key predictors for targeted surveillance and prevention in similar clinical contexts.
Mahsa Hojjati, Mahshid Rashidi, Ali Asghar Khaleghi, Maryam Nasirian, Seyed Hassan Faghihi, Masoud Mohammadi,
Volume 83, Issue 3 (June 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 3 (June 2025)
Abstract
Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the main causes of vaginitis and cervical inflammation worldwide. Almost half of sexually transmitted and curable diseases worldwide can be assessed through the examination of this disease, so the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of trichomoniasis in Iranian women.
Methods: This study is a review of the SID, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, conducted up to September 2023. The extracted data were analyzed using CMA software (version 2). A search of articles in Science Direct, SID, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement criteria, including systematic search, screening of articles, and selection of appropriate studies. The words used for the search and final review in this systematic review were determined based on MESH Terms in the PubMed database. These keywords that were used and selected in this study were in English and Persian. The final information obtained from the studies was reviewed and analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA, Version 2) software, and finally the heterogeneity of the studies was examined with the I2 test.
Results: Based on the search for studies and their screening, 22 studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. This study included a sample size of 49,990 Iranian women who were included in the study. In the heterogeneity analysis based on the studies obtained, the heterogeneity was 99.7. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, the random effects method was used for the final analysis. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Iranian women was reported to be 9.3 (95% CI: 4.6-18) based on the 22 final studies and meta-analysis. The publication bias analysis indicated the absence of bias in the studies (p: 0.175).
Conclusion: Based on the prevalence report in the meta-analysis, a relatively high prevalence was reported in Iranian women, and this situation requires more awareness raising through health centers to families, as well as care and screening of women in these centers and also in obstetric centers.
Nooshin Shirzad, Fateme Ziamanesh, Seyedahmad Seyedalinaghi , Alireza Esteghamati , Mahboobeh Hemmatabadi ,
Volume 83, Issue 3 (June 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 3 (June 2025)
Abstract
Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are diagnosed with a wide range of renal damage, usually presenting with albuminuria and decreased estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). Some patients have only albuminuria and normal eGFR, while others have normoalbuminuria even in advanced stages of chronic kidney disease. This study investigated and followed the course of diabetic nephropathy in patients with T2DM.
Methods: 1107 patients with T2DM were enrolled in the study. This historical cohort was conducted between the years 2017 and 2022. Patients with confirmed type 2 DM, referred to the diabetes clinic of Vali-Asr Hospital, affiliated with the Tehran University of Medical Science. Complete medical history, blood pressure, and laboratory data were obtained in the first and follow-up visits. Follow-up was every 3 to 6 months for 30 months. Every year, 24-hour urinary albumin was measured, and eGFR was estimated based on the Cockcroft-Gault formula.
Results: Male sex, age, disease duration, weight, systolic blood pressure, 2 hours postprandial (2hpp) glucose, serum triglyceride, and uric acid significantly correlated with albuminuria. At the initiation of the study, the highest eGFR values occurred in microalbuminuric patients, followed by a sharp decrease. No significant correlation was found between eGFR and albuminuria in most patients, and more than half of them with eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/m2 still had normal albuminuria
Conclusion: This study showed that patients with microalbuminuria and normoalbuminuria had the highest eGFR values followed by macroalbuminuria, but patients with normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria had an initial increase and then a decrease, and the macroalbuminuria group showed the sustained and greatest decrease during the follow-up period. Serial surveillance of both albuminuria and GFR is crucial in T2DM.
Methods: 1107 patients with T2DM were enrolled in the study. This historical cohort was conducted between the years 2017 and 2022. Patients with confirmed type 2 DM, referred to the diabetes clinic of Vali-Asr Hospital, affiliated with the Tehran University of Medical Science. Complete medical history, blood pressure, and laboratory data were obtained in the first and follow-up visits. Follow-up was every 3 to 6 months for 30 months. Every year, 24-hour urinary albumin was measured, and eGFR was estimated based on the Cockcroft-Gault formula.
Results: Male sex, age, disease duration, weight, systolic blood pressure, 2 hours postprandial (2hpp) glucose, serum triglyceride, and uric acid significantly correlated with albuminuria. At the initiation of the study, the highest eGFR values occurred in microalbuminuric patients, followed by a sharp decrease. No significant correlation was found between eGFR and albuminuria in most patients, and more than half of them with eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/m2 still had normal albuminuria
Conclusion: This study showed that patients with microalbuminuria and normoalbuminuria had the highest eGFR values followed by macroalbuminuria, but patients with normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria had an initial increase and then a decrease, and the macroalbuminuria group showed the sustained and greatest decrease during the follow-up period. Serial surveillance of both albuminuria and GFR is crucial in T2DM.
Elham Shirvani Naghani , Leila Moradi, Alireza Jahanshahi, Homeira Rashidi, Alireza Sedaghat,
Volume 83, Issue 4 (July 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 4 (July 2025)
Abstract
Background: Thyroid disorders are common among young women, and hypothyroidism ranges clinically from subclinical to overt disease, potentially causing various maternal and fetal complications. Determining the appropriate levothyroxine (LT4) dose during pregnancy is crucial for maintaining maternal euthyroidism and optimising pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the dose requirements of LT4 in pregnant women with and without a prior history of hypothyroidism, and to investigate the association with Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) levels.
Methods: This hospital- and clinic-based study was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023 among 146 pregnant women attending a private clinic or Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran. A total of 146 pregnant women diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH, n=62) or overt hypothyroidism (OH, n=84) were randomly selected. Participants were divided into groups based on their history of hypothyroidism and received LT4 treatment. LT4 requirements were determined according to trimester-specific TSH ranges: >10 mIU/L or 2.5-10 mIU/L in the first trimester, and 3-10 mIU/L in the second and third trimesters. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22, employing descriptive statistics (mean±SD, frequency, and percentage) and analytical tests, including the independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: Pregnant women with overt hypothyroidism showed a statistically significant difference in mean LT4 dose between those with and without a prior history of hypothyroidism (P<0.05). In contrast, no significant difference was observed in LT4 requirements among women with subclinical hypothyroidism. TPO Ab positivity was associated with higher LT4 requirements, particularly in women with overt disease. Dose adjustments were most frequent during the first trimester, with incremental increases observed in subsequent trimesters. These findings support individualized monitoring, iodine testing, adherence checks, and coordinated antenatal endocrinology care to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Conclusion: Following the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in early pregnancy, LT4 dosing should be tailored according to disease severity, prior history of hypothyroidism, TPO Ab status, and study location to ensure optimal maternal and fetal outcomes.
Methods: This hospital- and clinic-based study was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023 among 146 pregnant women attending a private clinic or Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran. A total of 146 pregnant women diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH, n=62) or overt hypothyroidism (OH, n=84) were randomly selected. Participants were divided into groups based on their history of hypothyroidism and received LT4 treatment. LT4 requirements were determined according to trimester-specific TSH ranges: >10 mIU/L or 2.5-10 mIU/L in the first trimester, and 3-10 mIU/L in the second and third trimesters. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22, employing descriptive statistics (mean±SD, frequency, and percentage) and analytical tests, including the independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: Pregnant women with overt hypothyroidism showed a statistically significant difference in mean LT4 dose between those with and without a prior history of hypothyroidism (P<0.05). In contrast, no significant difference was observed in LT4 requirements among women with subclinical hypothyroidism. TPO Ab positivity was associated with higher LT4 requirements, particularly in women with overt disease. Dose adjustments were most frequent during the first trimester, with incremental increases observed in subsequent trimesters. These findings support individualized monitoring, iodine testing, adherence checks, and coordinated antenatal endocrinology care to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Conclusion: Following the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in early pregnancy, LT4 dosing should be tailored according to disease severity, prior history of hypothyroidism, TPO Ab status, and study location to ensure optimal maternal and fetal outcomes.
Ali-Akbar Shafiei , Saeed Rahmani , Abbas Riazi, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghan ,
Volume 83, Issue 4 (July 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 4 (July 2025)
Abstract
Background: This study investigates the use of color filters, which represent a scientific and standardized approach to assist individuals with visual impairment. Although there is no fixed protocol for prescribing color filters, these filters, which are often prescribed by ocular care providers in a trial-and-error manner today, help improve visual performance, control glare, and enhance motor skills in affected individuals. Given the absence of formal guidelines and standardized protocols in this area, this study tested common diseases leading to visual impairment against various color filters.
Methods: The study population consisted of patients visiting the Optometry Clinic of Labbafi Nejad Hospital. Participants were voluntarily referred from retinal and corneal departments to this clinic. This quasi-experimental study evaluated acuity at distance and near and contrast sensitivity function with and without color filters, and compared the results. After analysis, filter(s) suitable for each participant were identified and applied clinically, with one-month monitoring and re-evaluation.
Results: A total of 99 participants (54 male, 45 female) with a mean age of 32.19±15.41 years were included. The results showed that after using color filters, distance visual acuity (BCVA) improved significantly in most diseases (P<0.001). However, in albinism and diabetic retinopathy patients, there was no significant improvement in distance vision. At near distance, there was generally a significant improvement in near vision in most diseases after applying the filters (P=0.001). Exceptions included albinism and glaucoma, where no significant difference was observed (P=0.073). For contrast sensitivity (CSF), most patients showed improvement and increased contrast sensitivity (P<0.001), but this increase was not significant in albinism and glaucoma (P=0.483).
Conclusion: The study suggests that the use of certain color filters in visually impaired patients leads to significant improvements in both distance and near acuity and contrast sensitivity function, potentially enhancing quality of life. Based on the quantitative results, selecting the appropriate filter should be disease-specific and done with greater precision. However, the diversity and severity of diseases, the degree of vision loss, and genetic differences among individuals require greater attention to practical experiences and statements from this patient group. Additionally, patients with more than one ocular condition often changed the type and color of the filter.
Methods: The study population consisted of patients visiting the Optometry Clinic of Labbafi Nejad Hospital. Participants were voluntarily referred from retinal and corneal departments to this clinic. This quasi-experimental study evaluated acuity at distance and near and contrast sensitivity function with and without color filters, and compared the results. After analysis, filter(s) suitable for each participant were identified and applied clinically, with one-month monitoring and re-evaluation.
Results: A total of 99 participants (54 male, 45 female) with a mean age of 32.19±15.41 years were included. The results showed that after using color filters, distance visual acuity (BCVA) improved significantly in most diseases (P<0.001). However, in albinism and diabetic retinopathy patients, there was no significant improvement in distance vision. At near distance, there was generally a significant improvement in near vision in most diseases after applying the filters (P=0.001). Exceptions included albinism and glaucoma, where no significant difference was observed (P=0.073). For contrast sensitivity (CSF), most patients showed improvement and increased contrast sensitivity (P<0.001), but this increase was not significant in albinism and glaucoma (P=0.483).
Conclusion: The study suggests that the use of certain color filters in visually impaired patients leads to significant improvements in both distance and near acuity and contrast sensitivity function, potentially enhancing quality of life. Based on the quantitative results, selecting the appropriate filter should be disease-specific and done with greater precision. However, the diversity and severity of diseases, the degree of vision loss, and genetic differences among individuals require greater attention to practical experiences and statements from this patient group. Additionally, patients with more than one ocular condition often changed the type and color of the filter.
Maryam Safari, Abbas Ghaisouri, Shokofeh Mohammadi,
Volume 83, Issue 5 (August 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 5 (August 2025)
Abstract
Background: Shortness of breath is a common disorder and means difficulty in breathing and shortness and shallow breathing that the patient feels unpleasant, difficulty and shallow breathing. The main purpose of this study was to analyze patients undergoing pulmonary angiography with a prognosis of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed in the adult emergency department of Shahid Mostafa Hospital in Ilam in March2018-March2020 after receiving permission from the ethics committee. This study evaluated patients over 18 years of age who underwent CTPA with a pre-diagnosis of PE.
Results: The highest frequency was reported in CT findings of 31.9% normal, 27.6% PE. In our study based on CT results, 30.2% of patients suffered from PE. The highest frequency was reported in CT findings of 31.9% normal, 27.6% PE. In the present study, 65.5% of patients presented with shortness of breath, of which CT results showed 28.9% (PE), 38.2% (Non PE) and 98% (Normal). Other complaints of patients with shortness of breath were reported with CP (7.8%), lower edema (6%), respiratory distress (8.6%), CP and fever (5.2%) and hemotypy (1.7%).
Conclusion: Based on the above study, we conclude that the criterion for selecting patients for CT angiography to rule out PTE is the most important criterion for clinical examination and the Welsh Criteria score. As we can see, the results showed that patients with a Wales score above 8-12 had 80% PTE and patients with a Wales score of 3-6 had 23.5% PTE and the rest had a negative answer, so the Wells criteria were good criteria which unfortunately Due to some conditions, the diagnosis of a general practitioner or carelessness in examinations are not taken into account and causes a large percentage of patients with complaints of shortness of breath to undergo CT angiography while not having the necessary criteria based on Wells scores and clinical examination. CT angiography is either normal or another condition that does not require CT angiography and radiation.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed in the adult emergency department of Shahid Mostafa Hospital in Ilam in March2018-March2020 after receiving permission from the ethics committee. This study evaluated patients over 18 years of age who underwent CTPA with a pre-diagnosis of PE.
Results: The highest frequency was reported in CT findings of 31.9% normal, 27.6% PE. In our study based on CT results, 30.2% of patients suffered from PE. The highest frequency was reported in CT findings of 31.9% normal, 27.6% PE. In the present study, 65.5% of patients presented with shortness of breath, of which CT results showed 28.9% (PE), 38.2% (Non PE) and 98% (Normal). Other complaints of patients with shortness of breath were reported with CP (7.8%), lower edema (6%), respiratory distress (8.6%), CP and fever (5.2%) and hemotypy (1.7%).
Conclusion: Based on the above study, we conclude that the criterion for selecting patients for CT angiography to rule out PTE is the most important criterion for clinical examination and the Welsh Criteria score. As we can see, the results showed that patients with a Wales score above 8-12 had 80% PTE and patients with a Wales score of 3-6 had 23.5% PTE and the rest had a negative answer, so the Wells criteria were good criteria which unfortunately Due to some conditions, the diagnosis of a general practitioner or carelessness in examinations are not taken into account and causes a large percentage of patients with complaints of shortness of breath to undergo CT angiography while not having the necessary criteria based on Wells scores and clinical examination. CT angiography is either normal or another condition that does not require CT angiography and radiation.
Samaneh Arab, Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani , Najmeh Fattahi , Zakiye Ekhlasi, Samira Asgharzade,
Volume 83, Issue 5 (August 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 5 (August 2025)
Abstract
Background: Retinal photoreceptor degeneration is a major cause of blindness. Stem cell therapies offer promise, and the miR-183/96/182 cluster, particularly miR-182 and miR-183, plays a crucial role in photoreceptor development and survival. Targeting these miRNAs may enhance human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells) hBMSCs (differentiation into photoreceptor-like cells, improving their therapeutic potential.
Methods: This in vitro study was conducted from April 2019 to March 2021 at the Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. hBMSCs were cultured in DMEM with fetal bovine serum and transfected with miR-182 and miR-183 mimics using Lipofectamine, with a scramble miRNA control. Transfection efficiency and miRNA overexpression were evaluated at 24 and 48 hours using real-time PCR. miRNA expression was normalised to Snord, while mRNA levels were normalised to GAPDH using the 2−ΔΔCt method. Photoreceptor-like differentiation was assessed by measuring the expression of retina-specific transcription factors and markers (OTX2, CRX, NRL, SLC1A1, PKCα, Recoverin, and RHO). Statistical analyses included the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality and the Mann-Whitney U test for group comparisons. Data were reported as Mean ± SEM, with 95% confidence intervals, and significance set at α = 0.05.
Results: Transfection of miR-182 and miR-183 significantly increased miRNA levels at 24–48 hours (P < 0.001) compared to the scramble control. This led to a marked upregulation of retinal-related genes, including CRX, OTX2, PKCα, Recoverin, NRL, and RHO, indicating activation of the photoreceptor gene network. Time-resolved analysis revealed stronger effects at 24–48 hours, supporting a transient window for pro-differentiation. RHO and CRX exhibited the most significant increases, while OTX2 and PKCα showed parallel rises, suggesting coordinated activation of early and intermediate photoreceptor programs. Scramble controls did not show comparable changes.
Conclusion: Transient overexpression of miR-182 and miR-183 in hBMSCs activates a photoreceptor-like gene expression program, promoting differentiation toward photoreceptor-like cells. This finding supports the potential use of miR-182/183 in stem cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration. Further studies should confirm protein expression, functional outcomes, and in vivo efficacy.
Moslem Taheri Soodejani , Roghayeh Torkpour ,
Volume 83, Issue 6 (September 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 6 (September 2025)
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents one of the most significant neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood, where early diagnosis, particularly in children under five years of age, is crucial for effective interventions. Although global autism incidence has risen due to improved awareness, enhanced screening programs, and broader diagnostic criteria, epidemiological data from middle-income countries like Iran remain limited, especially for children under five. This study aimed to examine autism incidence trends among Iranian children under five from 1990 to 2021, stratified by sex and province.
Methods: This ecological study was conducted from October 2024 to March 2025, analyzing data extracted from the Global burden of disease (GBD) database (1990-2021). Age-specific incidence data for children under five were obtained by sex and province. Incidence rates per 100,000 population were calculated for gender and provincial comparisons. Joinpoint regression analysis assessed annual trends and identified significant inflection points. Heat maps illustrated geographical distributions, while trend graphs stratified by sex and province were generated using GraphPad Prism.
Results: The incidence rate of autism in children under five gradually increased from 1990 to 2005, followed by a sharp rise between 2005 and 2009, reaching its peak during this period. A subsequent decline was observed from 2009 to 2021. The male-to-female ratio remained consistently stable at approximately 3:1 throughout the study period and across all provinces. Notable provincial disparities were observed, with border provinces exhibiting greater fluctuations compared to central regions.
Conclusion: In contrast to the continuous global increase, autism incidence among Iranian children under five demonstrated an initial rise followed by a sustained decline after 2009. This trend may be attributed to declining birth rates, demographic shifts, evolving diagnostic criteria, improved prenatal care, and persistent challenges in early screening and case registration, alongside regional disparities in access to diagnostic services. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced early-screening programs, equitable resource distribution, and evidence-based child mental health policies in Iran.
Methods: This ecological study was conducted from October 2024 to March 2025, analyzing data extracted from the Global burden of disease (GBD) database (1990-2021). Age-specific incidence data for children under five were obtained by sex and province. Incidence rates per 100,000 population were calculated for gender and provincial comparisons. Joinpoint regression analysis assessed annual trends and identified significant inflection points. Heat maps illustrated geographical distributions, while trend graphs stratified by sex and province were generated using GraphPad Prism.
Results: The incidence rate of autism in children under five gradually increased from 1990 to 2005, followed by a sharp rise between 2005 and 2009, reaching its peak during this period. A subsequent decline was observed from 2009 to 2021. The male-to-female ratio remained consistently stable at approximately 3:1 throughout the study period and across all provinces. Notable provincial disparities were observed, with border provinces exhibiting greater fluctuations compared to central regions.
Conclusion: In contrast to the continuous global increase, autism incidence among Iranian children under five demonstrated an initial rise followed by a sustained decline after 2009. This trend may be attributed to declining birth rates, demographic shifts, evolving diagnostic criteria, improved prenatal care, and persistent challenges in early screening and case registration, alongside regional disparities in access to diagnostic services. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced early-screening programs, equitable resource distribution, and evidence-based child mental health policies in Iran.
Sara Memarian, Narges Mostajabi, Behdad Gharib, Parastoo Rostami , Mohammad Taghi Majnoon , Farzaneh Abbasi, Reihaneh Mohsenipour,
Volume 83, Issue 7 (October 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 7 (October 2025)
Abstract
Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, with its increasing prevalence in the pediatric population, has a significant impact on the mental health, quality of life, and lifestyle of patients.. The onset of the disease in childhood and its association with the child during school and adolescence, and during the growth and development process, has numerous effects on the growth process and mental experiences of patients.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Children, s Medical Center from march 2022 to February 2023 on 183 patients with type 1 diabetes aged 9 to 18 years. The duration of the disease ranged from 1 year to 15 years. 44% of the populations were girls and 56% were boys. 77% were under 13 years of age and the rest were over 13 years of age. Information was completed by parents in the Achenbach electronic questionnaire (112 questions). Then, based on the standard defined for the questionnaire, the scores were classified into clinical, borderline, and normal categories.
Results: No significant differences were observed between the two sexes in terms of the incidence of various disorders. However, significant differences in the incidence of externalizing problems have been reported at different ages and different disease durations. Analysis of the mean T-scores of the studied patients showed that there were significant differences between patients older than 13 years younger than 13 years in terms of externalizing problems, anxiety/depressive disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders, law-breaking behavior, internalizing problems, and general problems. a significant relationship was observed between the study population and the duration of the illness in terms of aggressive problems, law-breaking problems, and externalizing disorders.
Average scores in externalizing disorders, affective/depressive disorders, law-breaking behavior, internalizing problems, and general problems were significantly related to different ages.
Conclusion: The results of this study show that as patients aging and more than 5 years since the onset of diabetes, the risk of developing psychiatric disorders increases. As a result, routine psychiatric screening is recommended for these children.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Children, s Medical Center from march 2022 to February 2023 on 183 patients with type 1 diabetes aged 9 to 18 years. The duration of the disease ranged from 1 year to 15 years. 44% of the populations were girls and 56% were boys. 77% were under 13 years of age and the rest were over 13 years of age. Information was completed by parents in the Achenbach electronic questionnaire (112 questions). Then, based on the standard defined for the questionnaire, the scores were classified into clinical, borderline, and normal categories.
Results: No significant differences were observed between the two sexes in terms of the incidence of various disorders. However, significant differences in the incidence of externalizing problems have been reported at different ages and different disease durations. Analysis of the mean T-scores of the studied patients showed that there were significant differences between patients older than 13 years younger than 13 years in terms of externalizing problems, anxiety/depressive disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders, law-breaking behavior, internalizing problems, and general problems. a significant relationship was observed between the study population and the duration of the illness in terms of aggressive problems, law-breaking problems, and externalizing disorders.
Average scores in externalizing disorders, affective/depressive disorders, law-breaking behavior, internalizing problems, and general problems were significantly related to different ages.
Conclusion: The results of this study show that as patients aging and more than 5 years since the onset of diabetes, the risk of developing psychiatric disorders increases. As a result, routine psychiatric screening is recommended for these children.
Moghgan Samet Zadeh , Sahar Nikouzad Shahraki , Mohammad Ghasem Hanafi ,
Volume 83, Issue 7 (October 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 7 (October 2025)
Abstract
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Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide and is closely associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Growing evidence suggests a link between NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases, independent of traditional risk factors. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is a reliable noninvasive method for evaluating coronary artery disease (CAD) and identifying high-risk coronary plaque characteristics. However, data regarding the association between NAFLD and high-risk coronary plaques remain limited, particularly in Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with high-risk coronary plaques detected by CCTA. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 patients who underwent CCTA for the evaluation of coronary plaques in outpatient clinics or the emergency department of Golestan Hospital in ahvaz ,1403 ,were enrolled. Demographic data, including age, sex, weight, and body mass index (BMI), along with clinical characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking status, and medical history were collected. Patients with a history of alcohol consumption or known liver disease were excluded. NAFLD was assessed based on imaging findings. Statistical analyses were performed to compare variables between patients with and without NAFLD. Results: The mean age of patients with NAFLD was 57.89 ± 9.72 years, compared with 55.77 ± 8.97 years in patients without NAFLD, with no statistically significant difference. The prevalence of NAFLD was slightly higher in women than men; however, this difference was not significant. Patients with NAFLD had a significantly higher mean weight than those without NAFLD (85.21 ± 12.12 kg vs. 79.62 ± 11.85 kg; p = 0.001). Additionally, the prevalence of NAFLD increased significantly with higher BMI categories, particularly in obese individuals. Conclusion: Age and gender were not significantly associated with NAFLD prevalence in patients with high-risk coronary plaques. In contrast, increased body weight and higher BMI, especially obesity, were independently associated with a higher risk of NAFLD in this population. |
Aakar Sofineai , Abbas Ghaisouri, Ali Zeinyvand,
Volume 83, Issue 8 (November 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 8 (November 2025)
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 epidemic is predicted to cause another NCDs epidemic. The fact that hypertension, as well as other forms of cardiovascular disease, is frequently seen in COVID-19 patients has led to the fact that most patients with SARS-COV-2 are treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and blockers. Angiotensin receptor (ARB) be treated. So far, no study has been conducted on the prevalence of hypertension in patients with coronary heart disease and its relationship with pulmonary involvement. Let's do it.
Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional comparative study is performed on the records of patients admitted to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam with a diagnosis of COVID-19. It was carried out in the summer of 2021 to the summer of 2023. At the time of hospitalization, patients' blood pressure is calculated and recorded according to standard criteria. The degree of hypoxia is also assessed using a pulse oximeter according to the set criteria.
Results: In this study, the mean age of patients aged 54.65 years in the age range of 18-95 years. The correlation coefficient of systolic blood pressure is directly related to pulmonary involvement, but this relationship is not statistically significant. At the age of less than 60 years, the correlation coefficient between systolic blood pressure and pulmonary involvement with age is positive and significant, but at the age of more than 60 years, this relationship is inverse and not significant. The relationship between systolic blood pressure and pulmonary involvement is direct and significant. A linear correlation coefficient was reported between systolic blood pressure and pulmonary involvement with a history of direct hypertension.
Conclusion: In the present study, the prevalence of hypertension was 19.5% and using Pearson linear correlation test, it was shown that there is a direct relationship between blood pressure correlation coefficient with pulmonary involvement, but this relationship was not statistically significant. This relationship was reported to be direct and significant for the age group under 60 years. It was also direct and significant in men.
Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional comparative study is performed on the records of patients admitted to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam with a diagnosis of COVID-19. It was carried out in the summer of 2021 to the summer of 2023. At the time of hospitalization, patients' blood pressure is calculated and recorded according to standard criteria. The degree of hypoxia is also assessed using a pulse oximeter according to the set criteria.
Results: In this study, the mean age of patients aged 54.65 years in the age range of 18-95 years. The correlation coefficient of systolic blood pressure is directly related to pulmonary involvement, but this relationship is not statistically significant. At the age of less than 60 years, the correlation coefficient between systolic blood pressure and pulmonary involvement with age is positive and significant, but at the age of more than 60 years, this relationship is inverse and not significant. The relationship between systolic blood pressure and pulmonary involvement is direct and significant. A linear correlation coefficient was reported between systolic blood pressure and pulmonary involvement with a history of direct hypertension.
Conclusion: In the present study, the prevalence of hypertension was 19.5% and using Pearson linear correlation test, it was shown that there is a direct relationship between blood pressure correlation coefficient with pulmonary involvement, but this relationship was not statistically significant. This relationship was reported to be direct and significant for the age group under 60 years. It was also direct and significant in men.
Amir Naddaf, Vafa Ghorban Sabbagh , Ghazaleh Rasti, Raheleh Moradi, Mobina Taghva Nakhjiri ,
Volume 83, Issue 8 (November 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 8 (November 2025)
Abstract
Background: Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common metabolic disturbance during the first days of life, particularly in infants with risk factors such as prematurity, perinatal stress, intrauterine growth restriction, or maternal diabetes. Early onset thrombocytopenia within the first 72 hours is often attributed to placental insufficiency and reduced platelet production, whereas persistent hypoglycemia beyond this period may indicate sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, or hyperinsulinemic states. Given that perinatal stress and asphyxia can predispose to both hypoglycemia and thrombocytopenia, simultaneous presentation of these conditions may complicate diagnosis and management. This case report describes a neonate with persistent hypoglycemia and thrombocytopenia unresponsive to standard therapies, ultimately attributed to transient hyperinsulinism.
Case Presentation: This case was managed and documented at Valiasr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, in April 2023. A late preterm female infant born at 36+2 weeks via emergency cesarean section for intrauterine growth restriction and fetal distress presented with hypotonia and hypoglycemia (38 mg/dL) at 15 hours of life. Despite intravenous dextrose infusion up to 13 mg/kg/min, recurrent hypoglycemia persisted. Concurrently, severe thrombocytopenia (26,000/µL) was noted, unresponsive to platelet transfusion and intravenous immunoglobulin. Maternal platelet count was normal, excluding autoimmune etiologies. On day six, a glucagon stimulation test demonstrated a rise in glucose from 44 to 78 mg/dL, confirming hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Laboratory evaluation revealed elevated insulin levels with absent ketones. Glucagon infusion was initiated, followed by diazoxide therapy (15 mg/kg/day) beginning on day ten. After two doses, glucose levels stabilized above 50 mg/dL, allowing gradual reduction of intravenous fluids. Remarkably, platelet counts normalized within five days of diazoxide initiation. Diazoxide was tapered and discontinued by day 27, and the infant was discharged on day 31 with stable glucose levels and normal platelet counts.
Conclusion: This case highlights the coexistence of transient hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and thrombocytopenia in a neonate, both of which responded to diazoxide therapy. The temporal relationship suggests a potential modulatory effect of insulin or diazoxide on platelet dynamics. Further clinical and mechanistic studies are needed to clarify this association.
Case Presentation: This case was managed and documented at Valiasr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, in April 2023. A late preterm female infant born at 36+2 weeks via emergency cesarean section for intrauterine growth restriction and fetal distress presented with hypotonia and hypoglycemia (38 mg/dL) at 15 hours of life. Despite intravenous dextrose infusion up to 13 mg/kg/min, recurrent hypoglycemia persisted. Concurrently, severe thrombocytopenia (26,000/µL) was noted, unresponsive to platelet transfusion and intravenous immunoglobulin. Maternal platelet count was normal, excluding autoimmune etiologies. On day six, a glucagon stimulation test demonstrated a rise in glucose from 44 to 78 mg/dL, confirming hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Laboratory evaluation revealed elevated insulin levels with absent ketones. Glucagon infusion was initiated, followed by diazoxide therapy (15 mg/kg/day) beginning on day ten. After two doses, glucose levels stabilized above 50 mg/dL, allowing gradual reduction of intravenous fluids. Remarkably, platelet counts normalized within five days of diazoxide initiation. Diazoxide was tapered and discontinued by day 27, and the infant was discharged on day 31 with stable glucose levels and normal platelet counts.
Conclusion: This case highlights the coexistence of transient hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and thrombocytopenia in a neonate, both of which responded to diazoxide therapy. The temporal relationship suggests a potential modulatory effect of insulin or diazoxide on platelet dynamics. Further clinical and mechanistic studies are needed to clarify this association.
Mohammad Hossein Shakeri Goki , Reza Payami , Farzaneh Jadidi, Fateme Javaheri, Mobin Ghanipour, Melika Omidvar ,
Volume 83, Issue 8 (November 2025)
Volume 83, Issue 8 (November 2025)
Abstract
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