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The genetic diversity and phylogenetic characteritics of rotavirus VP4(P) genotypes in children with acute diarrhea
Rahbarimanesh A, Saberi H, Modarres Gilani Sh, Salamati P, Akhtarkhavari H, Haghshenas Z,
Volume 69, Issue 8 (11-2011)
Abstract

Background: Acute gastroenteritis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. Rotaviruses are recognized as the most common etiologic factors of gastroenteritis. In this study, we determined the epidemiologic features, clinical symptoms and molecular structure of rotavirus VP4(P) genotypes in children with acute diarrhea in Bahrami Hospital in Tehran Iran, during 2009 for justifying the routine use of rotavirus vaccines in children.

Methods: One hundred fifty fecal samples from 150 children with acute diarrhea in Bahrami Pediatric Hospital in Tehran, Iran were collected from January to December 2009. The patients’ mean age was 20.90+18.19 years (ranging from 1 month to 14 years). Fecal samples were transported on ice to the laboratory of virology department of Pasture Institute of Iran. The demographic and clinical data for each case were entered in an author-devised questionnaire. Group A rotavirus was detected by dsRNA-PAGE. Subsequently, rotavirus genotyping (VP4) was performed by semi-nested multiple RT-PCR and the phylogenetic tree of the Rotavirus nucleotides was constructed. The data were analyzed by statistical tests including Wilcoxon signed and Mann-Whitney U.

Results: Rotavirus was isolated in 19.3% of the samples, more than 90% of which had long RNA patterns. The predominant genotype (VP4) was P[8] (86%) and other genotypes respectively were P[6] (6.9%) and P[4] (6.9%).

Conclusion: A high prevalence of the P[8] genotype was found to be the cause of acute diarrhea. The analysis of P[8] genotype sequence showed a high level of similarity of the virus in this study with those of other Asian countries.


Analysis of epidemiological data of foodborne outbreak reported in Iran
Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal , Samaneh Motalebi Motalebi , Hossein Masoumi Asl , Abbas Rahimi Forushani , Mohammad Kazem Sharifi Yazdi, Zahra Rajabi , Nooshin Aghili ,
Volume 72, Issue 11 (2-2015)
Abstract
Background: Diarrhea is the most common bacterial infections, and the main cause of death in the children. Worldwide, food and waterborne diseases are estimated to cause more than two million deaths per year. Foodborne diseases and resistance to antimicrobial agents are two problems worldwide and are increasing. However, standard surveillance systems do not routinely collect information on controls. The aim of this study was to analysis epidemiological data of foodborne outbreaks at the country level. Methods: This is a descriptive study, in total 305 fecal swab samples from 73 outbreaks during one year from April 2012 to March 2013 in different provinces of Iran, were collected and transferred to the microbiology laboratory of Public Health School of Tehran University of Medical Sciences to identify the cause’s diarrhea. The patterns of antibiotic-resistance were determined by using Kirby Bauer method. Results: In total 73 food borne outbreaks that were studied, the largest number 26 (35.6%) were found in Hamadan province with 103 samples (34.2%). Out of 73 outbreaks 40 (54.79%) of were related to foods, 6 (8.22%) to water, and 27 (36.98%) were unspecified (P< 0.0001). Fifty seven outbreaks (78.08%) in the city and 16 outbreaks (21.92%) occurred in rural areas (P< 0.0001). The most dominated Gram-negative isolated organisms were Shigella (6.9%) and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (12.8%). The dominated age group was under five years (16.4%), and dominant gender group was men 186 (61.8%) (P< 0.0001). In total 69 (22.9%) were hospitalized and 11 deaths were reported. Most clinical symptoms of abdominal cramping (82%), nausea and vomiting (68.4%), bloody diarrhea (23.3%), and non-bloody diarrhea (76.7%). All the isolated gram-negative were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and resistant to clindamycin. The gram-positive were sensitive to cephalexin and resistant to penicillin. Conclusion: The knowledge of bacterial agent of foodborne diseases and determination of antimicrobial resistance pattern are helpful to reduce the rate of foodborne outbreaks, the cost of treatment. The prevention control of outbreaks is also very important.
Dysentery caused by macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter coli in central area of Iran
Elnaz Abbasi , Behzad Khansarinejad , Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad,
Volume 76, Issue 11 (2-2019)
Abstract
Background: Campylobacter genus is considered some of the most important agents of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Campylobacter coli (C. coli) is accounted to at least 25% of all Campylobacter related diarrheal diseases moreover, C. coli infections can result in severe complications, such as bacteremia, sepsis, meningitis and spontaneous abortion. Finally, there is evidence that the frequency of antimicrobial resistance is higher in C. coli, when compared to C. jejuni. There is no data regarding the frequency and antibiotic resistance profile of C. jejuni isolated from human gastroenteritis samples. The present study aimed to determine the frequency and antibiotic resistance patterns of Campylobacter coli isolated from infectious diarrhea samples.
Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 200 infectious diarrhea samples collected in Arak University of Medical Sciences Hospitals, Markazi Province, Iran, from May to November 2015 were subjected to the study. In order to identify C. coli modified Gram stain, modified charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) and Brucella agar media with filter and CeuE gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were accomplished. Antibiotic resistance against tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and gentamicin was evaluated phenotypically and genotypically.
Results: In total, out of 200 modified gram stained samples, 2 cases (1%) of C. coli were identified. Cultivating methods using mCCDA medium found 2 isolates (1%), 3 isolates (1.5%) were grown on Brucella agar with filter and 5 cases (2.5%) were determined as C. coli using PCR assay. Antibiotic resistance was observed in 5 cases against tetracycline, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin (100%), in 4 cases against ampicillin (80%), in 2 cases against gentamicin (40%), in 5 cases with CmeB, 23srRNA mutation in, qnrS, tet (o) (100%), in 4 cases with gyrA4 (80%), in 3 cases with gyrA5 (60%), in 5 cases with gyrA6 (100%), in 4 cases with Oxa61 (60%) and in 1 case with aphA-3-1 (20%).
Conclusion: In this present study C. coli with low prevalence and entire resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin which are the first line antibiotic for the treatment of campylobacter gastroenteritis is introduced as a causative agent of gastroenteritis in patients at central part of Iran.

Evaluation of antibiotic administration for the treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea, Besat Hospital, Sanandaj, 2016
Pedram Ataee, Maryam Manouchehri , Masoumeh Abedini, Daem Roshani, Arman Malekiantaghi, Kambiz Eftekhari,
Volume 78, Issue 7 (10-2020)
Abstract
Background: Excessive and irrational use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea has caused increased resistance to these medications. It is well defined that most cases of diarrhea in children do not require the use of antibiotics. This study was aimed to determine the status of antibiotic administration for treatment of acute diarrhea in children younger than five years. All who admitted at the pediatric ward of Besat Hospital in Sanandaj.
Methods: First, the study was approved by the ethics committee of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. The archived files of all children under 5 years with a positive history acute diarrhea who were admitted in Besat Hospital of Sanandaj during the period of 1 years, from May 2016 to May 2016 were reviewed. Demographic information such as age, gender, type of diarrhea, type of nutrition, type of the prescribed antibiotic, results of the stool and blood samples were collected and recorded in the questionnaire.In Stool samples the contained a large number of WBCs and RBCs along with high fever, Shigellosis were considered. The results were analyzed by SPSS software, version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results: A total of 1,029 cases were reviewed. 60% were boys. The highest incidence of diarrhea (75.5%) was observed at 12-24 months and the lowest rate of diarrhea was under 6 months (11.5%). The frequency of diarrhea was lower in winter than in other seasons. Only 31.49% of children received proper and rational treatment with antibiotics. The most commonly used antibiotics in hospitalized patients were ceftriaxone (94.5%) and before hospitalization was cefixime (39.5%). Based on the results of this study, it was found that 66.13% of children younger than 5 years with acute diarrhea had appropriate treatment. 31.94% of patients had inappropriate antibiotic therapy.
Conclusion: In most cases of acute diarrhea in children, no evidence of bacterial or parasitic infection was found. However, a high percentage of patients received antibiotics without laboratory evidence (stool testing).

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