Showing 29 results for Uti
Sr Mir Damadi , G Setoodeh , F Siasi , Sa Keshavarz ,
Volume 58, Issue 1 (4-2000)
Abstract
Relationships among lipids, hormones and anthropometric indices of patients in a reproductive endocrinology outpatient clinic were investigated. Subjects were divided into 2 groups according to their hirsutism score (Hirsute score>=8, N=102 And non-hirsute score<8, N=83). Weight (Wt), height (Ht), waist (W) and hip (H) circumferences were measured in all women and serum levels of lipids, hormones and glucose were determined in about one half of them. Hirsute women were heavier and had higher waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist to height ratio, increased LDL and decreased progesterone levels (In all cases, P<0.04). In 26 subjects with a high serum androgen level (Testosterone, and"or androstenedione and/or DHEAS) there was a significant correlation between triglyceride and testosterone levels (P<0.02). Multiple regression analysis showed that WHR was an independent variable for cholesterol and LDL Age for triglyceride Glucose for HDL And androstenedione for the LDL/HDL ratio. It is concluded that altered blood lipid profiles in women with hirsutism and"or hyperandrogenism may be the result of obesity, testosterone or androstenedione blood levels.
R Najafizadeh , F Gharibduost , A Khalvat ,
Volume 58, Issue 2 (5-2000)
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma, a cancer of keratinocytes origin, mostly involves sun-exposed areas of the skin. To study the pathologic and demographic features of this disease, records of 395 patients of squamous cell carcinoma of skin and lip were reviewed. Most of the patients (83%) aged 40 years or more at the time of diagnosis. Respectively, 74.4% and 75.8% of cases with skin and lower lip carcinoma were men, but in upper lip cases frequencies of both sexes were equal. The number of patients referred from western and north-western provinces were much more than those of other provinces of the country. The most frequent histologic stage was grade I (53% and 58.8% in skin and lip carcinoma, respectively), showing that most patients visit physicians early enough, and are diagnosed in early stages of the disease.
Hashemi H, Miraftab Sm,
Volume 59, Issue 1 (4-2001)
Abstract
PTK (Phototherapeutic Keratectomy) is the use of laser in corneal diseases. We can replace PTK for many other invasive procedures. The objective of this study is the assessment of this procedure in several cases in our practice. This investigation was a retrospective study, which was conducted based on comparison of 11 eyes with corneal eschars, induced by recurrent corneal erosions, pterygium surgery, corneal dystrophies and trachoma from 1994 to 1995. The mean age of cases was 32 years. The mean augmentation rate in hyperopia after one month was 1.5 diopter, and after one year it was 1 diopter. Although in two cases, the cylinder more than one diopter was induced, the mean rate for it was not increased significantly. One patient with recurrent erosion, who had not replied to any treatment, had no any complaint during one year follow up. During the follow up procedure, there were no any cases of vision loss among the patients.
Haj Abdolbaghi M, Rasooli Nejad M, Yaghoob Zadeh M, Looti Shahrokhi B,
Volume 59, Issue 4 (8-2001)
Abstract
Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Iran with variety of clinical manifestation. Special characteristics of clinical diagnosis and treatment issues may cause some problems in manegement of patients. In this descriptive study 505 patients with Brucellosis retrospectively were evaluated from clinical point of view, Lab exams and therapeutic issues for 10 years (1990 to 1999). From 505 patients, 321 cases were male and 184 were female. 42.7 percent of cases were in age group of 10 to 30 years. Ingestion of un-pasteurized dairy products was detected in (66.7 percent) and 31.86 percent of cases were sheep herders. The most common symptoms and signs were fever (65 percent), sweating (61 percent), arthritis (30.09 percent), sacroilitis (21.5 percent), orchitis (8.2 percent), spondylitis (2-3 percent) and endocarditis (1.18). In this survery blood culture for Brucella melitensis became positive in 48.5 percent and bone marrow in 61 percent. Standard tube agglutination was positive in 96 percent (?1.80). Doxycyclin plus Rifampin was the most common regimen we used (37.8 percent). 4 patients died, but just one of those was directly because of Brucella Endocarditis. In this article we have discussed about some interesting cases as well.
Khatibi Mr, Shahram F, Haji Zadeh E,
Volume 60, Issue 4 (7-2002)
Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by symmetric joint involvement with progressive deformities. This leads to limitation of motion and reduction of activity daily living (ADL). Previous reports showed the beneficial effects of therapeutic exercises in these patients in the remission phase.
Methods and Materials: A clinical trial as a self-control sequential control study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a range of motion (ROM) exercise program in patients with RA, referring to Rheumatology Research Center between 1994-1995. ROM of the selected joints by Goniometer, and ADL by a questionnaire was assessed in all patients in 3 phases: when entering the program, after 6 weeks of observation, and then after another 6 weeks with the therapeutic exercises. The mean difference in these 2 period were compared by student paired t test. The analysis of differences between different subgroups (job, education, etc.) was done by one way variance analysis.
Results: Forty patients completed the program. The mean ADL increased from 0437±0.252 before exercise to 6.69±3.06 after exercise (P<0.001), and the mean scores of ROM increased from 0.278±0.28 to 8±3.57 (P<0.0001), both statistically significant. This was more pronounced in women and in those with ankle joints involvement. The type of disease onset and duration of the disease did not influence the effects of treatment. No increase in disease activity was seen.
Conclusion: This study showed the effectiveness of our ROM exercises in increasing functional capacities of patients with RA in remission phase.
Kashi Ah, Fotouhil A, Hashemi H, Mohammadl K,
Volume 63, Issue 3 (6-2005)
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to provide data, on the distribution or intraocular pressure (IOP) in Tehran population.
Materials and Methods: Through a population-based, cross-sectional study, a total of 4565 Tehran citizens were studied in the Tehran Eye Study. The findings of the participants (n=3834) 10 years and older free of glaucoma diagnosis or suspicion who had undergone applanation tonometry examination are presented. All participants received a standardized protocol included applanation tonometry, and some other ocular measurements, fundus examination, demographic data and an interview. IOP measurement was used to evaluate its distribution by age, sex, and some eye parameters.
Results: Mean ± SO IOP was 14.5±2.6 in the total population, 14.4±2.7 in men, and 14.5±2.5 in women. Normal range (mean±2SD) of IOP was determined to be 9.3 - 19.7 mmHg. IOP increased significantly with age and cup-disc ratio except for a fall in old ages. This relationship was also observed when we analyzed individuals without diabetes or hypertension history. IOP increased with darker eye pigmentation except for blue/gray eyes. There was a non-linear increase of IOP from emmetropic to high myopic eyes.
Conclusion: Mean and/or normal range of IOP and their associations have been reported with wide differences in various studies. It is wise that studies evaluate IOP distribution or associations in healthy people and glaucoma people separately and also report the prevalence of IOP risk factors in their population to allow for a logical comparison of studies.
Khalili H, Gholami Kh, Hajiabdolbaghi M, Sairafipoor Z,
Volume 64, Issue 12 (11-2006)
Abstract
Background: Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE) studies are performed to define, determine, and finally improve the quality of drug usage. These types of studies are especially valuable for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index or specific indication, or for expensive medications. In Iran, vancomycin is only available by prescription for methicillin-resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections. It is obvious that extensive and irrational use of this drug can increase bacterial resistance to this antibiotic. The goal of this study was to assess vancomycin utilization.
Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study performed during the fall and winter of 2004, this vancomycin DUE was done in the Infectious Disease Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. All of the patients receiving vancomycin were enrolled in this study. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) protocols have been used to perform this study.
Results: Of the 565 inpatients at this hospital, 39 subjects (7%) received vancomycin. Vancomycin utilization among these patients was compatible with CDC and ASHP protocols in only 28% and 35% of the patients, respectively.
Conculusion: Vancomycin is predominantly administered empirically, rather than being based on the antibiogram. This may be due to the routine protocol of the ward or the physician doubting the reliability of the antibiogram.
Aghajanzadeh M, Safarpoor F, Khoshrang H, Mohammadzadeh A, Khatmi N,
Volume 64, Issue 12 (11-2006)
Abstract
Background: Pain control after posterolateral thoracotomy is very important for adequate respiration and to reduce pulmonary complications. Narcotic-induced respiratory depression requires different intercostal nerve block procedures with local anesthesia, such as bupivacaine, through an extrapleural catheter, paravertebral catheter and intrapleural injection in order to control pain and reduce narcotics consumption. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of bupivacain versus normal saline (N/S) in pain control after thoracotomy.
Methods: In a single-blind clinical trial, forty patients were divided into two groups of 20 patients each. Group 1 (G.1) received a single dose (10 ml) of bupivacaine 0.5%, followed by continuous infusion of N/S (0.1 ml/kg/h) four hours after surgery. Group 2 (G.2) received a single dose (10 ml) of bupivacaine 0.5%, followed by a continuous infusion of bupivacaine (0.1 ml/kg/h) four hours after surgery. Postoperative pain was assessed every four hours for 48 hours by linear visual analog scale (VAS). If VAS > 5, then pethidine was injected at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/IM. VAS ≤ 3 was considered pain control.
Results: TThe mean VAS at 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours after surgery in G.1 was 7.6, 5.5, 6.6, 5.5 and 5.7, respectively, and in G.2 was 3.4, 3.7, 2.8, 2.1 and 1.9, respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups (for 12 hours P<0.001 and for other time points P=0.0001). During the 4-24 hour period after surgery, pain control in G.1 was 5% and in G.2 was 81%. The mean VAS at 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, and 48 hours after surgery in G.1 was 5.2, 5, 5.3, 4.4, 5.1, and 4.8, respectively, and in G.2 was 1.6, 1.8, 1.5, 1.6, 1.5 and 1.4, respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.0001). In the first 24 hours, the mean of pethidine injection in G.1 was 3.7 and in G.2 was 0.6 (P<0.0001). In the second 24 hours, the mean pethidine injection in G.1 was 2.2 and in G.2 there was no need for pethidine (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: Continuous extrapleural infusion of bupivacaine is effective in pain control and decreasing demand for narcotics after thoracotomy.
Madani A, Pournasiri Z, Kajbafzadeh A.m, Attaee N, Mohseni P, Esfehani T,
Volume 65, Issue 6 (9-2007)
Abstract
Background: Impairment in the function of the lower urinary tract can be the cause of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) and vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) in children. The purpose of our research was to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of bladder instability in children with UTI.
Methods: The research involved 133 children (11 boys, 122 girls), ranging in age from seven months to 14 years. Group A consisted of 78 children with a history of recurrent UTI, while Group B included 55 children with recurrent UTI and VUR. Urodynamic tests (cystometry) were performed on all the children.
Results: Abnormal functioning of the lower urinary tract was found in 98 children (73.1%) from Group A and 41 children (78.8%) from Group B. The most common dysfunction was detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), which was found in 54% of all subjects, 46.2% of patients in Group A and 60% of patients in Group B (p<0.05). Unstable bladder was found in 42 (33%) children with no significant difference between the two groups. In 17 children (12.6%) DSD was accompanied by bladder instability. In both groups about 20% of the children did not present with symptoms indicative of urination dysfunction, where as 80% reported various symptoms, of which the most common were constipation and urinary urgency. In half of the children from Group A and one-fourth of the children from Group B there were several co-occurring symptoms: frequency, urgency, intermittent voiding, incontinence, dribbling and retention, and constipation.
Conclusions: The most common disturbance of lower urinary tract function in these children with recurrent UTI was DSD, which occurred more often in children with VUR.
Pedarzadeh A, Kassaian S.e, Esfahanian F, Goudarzinejad H.r, Payedari N, Salarifar M, Hajizeinali A.m, Alidoosti M, Boroumand M.a,
Volume 65, Issue 8 (11-2007)
Abstract
Background: Several randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of drug eluting stents (DES) in selected groups of patients with less complicated diabetes. We conducted this study to determine how an unselected group of diabetic patients in Iran fare following DES implantation.
Methods: Data were collected on 147 consecutive diabetic patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with the implantation of at least one DES at the Tehran Heart Center from June 2003 to September 2005. Clinical follow-up was performed by timely scheduled visits at one, four and nine months following DES implantation. Nine months of follow-up was completed for 94.5% of the patients. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), which include cardiac death, myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization (TVR). In-hospital complications were the secondary endpoint.
Results: A total of 158 coronary artery lesions were treated with DES in 147 diabetic patients (mean age = 56.4±8.92 years, 57.1% were men). During the nine-month follow-up, MACE occurred in 3.4% of patients, with a myocardial infarction rate of 1.4% and TVR rate of 1.4%. Considering one patient who underwent TVR due to acute stent thrombosis following angioplasty (during hospitalization) the total number of TVR reached 3 (2%). Only one patient (0.7%) died of cardiac death, which occurred after the procedure and before discharge. In-hospital complications occurred in six patients (4.1%) five patients suffered from myocardial infarction.
Conclusions: PCI with DES seems to be safe and effective in diabetic patients. However, more studies with larger study populations and longer follow-up are required to confirm this issue.
Golmohammadi T, Ansari M, Nikzamir A, Safary R, Elahi S,
Volume 65, Issue 8 (11-2007)
Abstract
Background: Lead poisoning has proven to be one of the most important environmental health problems among developing countries with both direct and indirect effects on human life. Lead is known to cross the blood-brain barrier and placenta, and accumulates in soft and hard tissues. Lead can be excreted in urine, stool, milk, sweat, nails and saliva. During pregnancy and lactation, lead is released from bones into the blood along with Ca2+. The toxic effects of lead on various human tissues have been studied extensively, but few studies have addressed its impact on fetal development during pregnancy. Blood levels of lead are higher in people living in lead-polluted regions. It has been reported that Tehran (central and southern parts) is the most problematic city in terms of lead poisoning.
Methods: From 86 sets of mothers and newborns in a non-polluted area of rural Rasht, Iran, we examined specimens of maternal blood, cord blood and colostrum (86×3=258) and specimens from 85 sets of mothers and newborns in a polluted area of Tehran, Iran (85×3=255) for lead levels using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and analyzed the results by t-test, SPSS, and linear regression.
Results: The mean blood lead concentrations of mothers, cord blood of newborns and colostrum were 7.6±4.1, 5.9±3 and 4.2±2.5 μg/dl, respectively, in the non-polluted area and 9.1±8.4, 6.5±5.2 and 5.8±5.5 μg/dl, respectively, in the polluted area. The mean weights of the newborns in non-polluted and polluted areas were 3.2±0.5 kg and 3.2±4.5 kg, respectively.
Conclusions: Our data revealed an association between mean concentrations in blood lead of mothers and newborns and between mean concentrations of colostrum lead and newborn blood lead in both areas (p=0.01). There was no association between mean blood lead concentration of mothers with the weight of their newborns (p=0.89).
Khalili M B, Sharifi Yazdi M K, Ebadi M, Sadeh M,
Volume 65, Issue 9 (12-2007)
Abstract
Background: The misdiagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) may lead to kidney deficiency and even pyelonephritis. Since different species may cause this disease, urine culture (UC) and antibiogram of the isolated species should be performed and results compared to urine analysis (UA) parameters to obtain the best diagnosis.
Methods: The urine specimens from 1509 patients (1195 women and 314 men) were processed for UA, UC and antibiogram. First of all, the sterile urine samples were cultured using differential media, including EMB and blood agar. After 24 hr incubation, the colonies were identified and differentiated by biochemical tests. Antibiograms for all isolated species were determined using Muller Hinton agar. All results obtained from this survey were analyzed using SPSS software.
Results: Of the 1509 samples, 986 (65.3%) were positive for pathogenic bacteria, 170 (17.2%) of which were from men and 816 (82.8%) from women. E. coli was the most prevalent with 591 cases (58.7%), followed by Enterobacter 115 (11.4%) and Klebsiella 88 (8.8%). Data analysis revealed that the correlations between the WBC, RBC, nitrite, crystal, and protein were significantly higher in culture-positive samples. Of the antibiotics tested, isolated species were most sensitive to amikacin and most resistant to ampicillin.
Conclusion: The present study revealed a correlation between pyuria and bacteruria however, it should be noted that the clinical signs and the presence of WBC in urine could not be used to confirm the UTI. In addition, since different bacterial species are able to cause UTI, in order to administer proper treatment while controlling improper use of antibiotics, thorough testing, including UA and UC together with antibiogram, is strongly recommended.
Mehraban D, Naderi G, Tahvildar S A,
Volume 66, Issue 1 (3-2008)
Abstract
Background: Over the years, Trans Urethral Resection of Prostate (TURP), as a treatment modality for obstructing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), gained popularity throughout the world. It is considered the gold standard for the surgical management of BPH. However, there is not the same pattern in our country and open prostatectomy is more common. Specific evaluation should be done preoperatively. Cystoscopy is one of them that have special limited indications. The aim of this study was to define the rate of pathological findings in routine urethrocystoscopy before open prostatectomy.
Methods: In a prospective study from 2003 to 2005 in Dr Shariati hospital 120 patients prepared for open prostatectomy underwent routine cystoscopy, without absolute indications for cystoscopy.
Results: There was no special pathology observed in routine cystoscopy. The results of this study revealed that the mean of age in patients with meatal stricture was significantly lower than those without stricture (59.5±0.7 vs. 49.9±5.5 years, p=0.008). Also, the results of present study showed that in patients with meatal stricture serum creatinine level was significantly higher (2.2±1.34 vs. 1.2±0.42 mgr/dL, p=0.003). Furthermore, it was revealed that the mean of age in patients with bladder diverticulum was significantly higher compared with those without bladder diverticulum (76.3±3.1 vs. 68.4±4.9 years, p=0.001).
Conclusion: Routine cystoscopy is not necessary before open prostatectomy
Kashi Ah, Yadyad Mj, Hajiabdolbaghi M, Jafari S,
Volume 66, Issue 9 (12-2008)
Abstract
Background: Behavioral Consultation Centers are the main organizations responsible for providing HIV/AIDS patients with services according to the Iranian Ministry of Health guidelines. In this study we assessed provision of these supposed services to Iranian HIV/AIDS patients referring to Behavioral Consultation Centers.
Methods: One hundred seventy one clinical files were selected by systematic random sampling from the files of all new HIV/AIDS patients accepted at Imam Khomeini behavioral consultation center who were registered during 2005-2006 and were followed for at least six months. Data were extracted from files and included consultation, vaccination, laboratory and treatment services.
Results: Family planning and HIV prevention methods consultation were performed for 32.5% and 2.29% of patients respectively. CD4 count was done for 69% of patients. 65.6% of patients who needed anti-retroviral treatment were given medication. Hepatitis B and Td vaccination were done for 21.7% and 3.5% of patients respectively. Coverage of pneumococal and influenza vaccinations was less than 5%. 79.5% of patients who needs tuberculosis prophylaxis were given medication. TB case finding was 14% during one year and the cure rate for patients under anti TB treatment were 95.8%.
Conclusion: Coverage of consultations and vaccination services are very low. Antiretroviral therapy coverage is intermediate. TB case finding and its cure rate are appropriate.
Hamid Ghaderi, Kourosh Shamimi, Fereydoon Moazzami, Seyed Hasan Emami Razavi, Ali Aminian, Seyed Mehdi Jalali, Reza Afghani, Morteza Noaparast, Seyyed Habibollah Dashti, Saeed Safari, Alireza Ahmadvand, Seyede Adeleh Mirjafari Daryasari, Fatemeh Sadat Naeemie,
Volume 68, Issue 1 (4-2010)
Abstract
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Background: Appendicitis is more common during the second
and third decade of life and appendectomy scar is important in terms of
cosmetic issues. The scar is an important factor in the patient's satisfaction.
Conventional teaching has an emphasis on the closure of skin incision with
"separate" sutures. The aim of this study was to reconsider this dogma.
Methods: Among 321 patients with acute
appendicitis who came to the emergency unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital in
Tehran, Iran since april 2007
till april 2008, 278 (86.6%) patients had
uncomplicated appendicitis and were enrolled in our clinical trial. The
patients were randomly assigned to two groups of interrupted suture closure (n=139) and subcuticular
suture closure (n=139). Anesthesia method and
surgical technique were similar between the two groups. All patients were
followed up post-operatively (four weeks) for the presence of infectious
drainage, pain, erythema, swelling and warmness at the surgical site.
Results: The patients' sex and
their mean age were not statistically different between the groups. There was
no significant difference in the frequency of surgical site complications between
the two groups (five cases in the "interrupted" group and eight cases in the
"subcuticular" group p=0.415).
Conclusion: This study showed that
appendectomy incision closure with subcuticular sutures did not increase the
risk of wound complications. From the point of better cosmetic outcome of
subcuticular sutures, this method may be the method of choice for the closure
of appendectomy incisions in uncomplicated appendicitis.
Peiman Haddad , Afsaneh Maddah Safaei , Armaghan Fard Esfahani ,
Volume 71, Issue 10 (1-2014)
Abstract
Background: Bone is one of the most common sites of metastatic disease in malignancies. Many of the cases are asymptomatic and may be diagnosed in primary or secondary follow-up, but in symptomatic cases pain is the prominent symptom which is mostly exaggerated at nights. The improved survival of cancer patients with bony metastases in recent years, specially in breast and prostate cancer, has given a greater importance to the careful choice of treatments in this setting. This can lead to a better quality of life, lower treatment cost, prevention of disabilities, less delay in primary cancer therapies, and decrease of life-threatening events for the patients. Here we review the metastatic disease of the bone and its treatments, with emphasis on local and systemic radiation therapy.
Current literature about bone metastasis and its treatments was reviewed through a search of available databases on internet for papers published in 1995-2013. Special attention was given to the research trials and studies performed by the authors on this setting.
Treatment of bone metastases consist of analgesics, radiotherapy, surgery and bisphosphonates. Control of bone metastases is a challenging process, necessitating a multi-disciplinary approach and teamwork between the treating physicians. Radiotherapy is the most useful modality for this purpose in oncology, given both as a local and systemic therapy. We hope that this review would be able to help in choosing the best treatment option for this common palliative situation in Iranian cancer patients.
Shahla Afsharpaiman , Amir Skandari , Zareian Jahromi Maryam , Shokoofeh Radfar , Shahnaz Shirbazoo , Susan Amirsalari , Mohammad Torkaman ,
Volume 72, Issue 2 (5-2014)
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasma gondii, is a mandatory intracellular protozoa, that many people worldwide are infected with. In children, the infection enters central nervous system and leads to inflammation of the gray matter. Autism, is a complex develop-mental disorder, altering social communication, with unknown origin. Neuropathologi-cal changes in autism are the same as those occurred in brain toxoplasmosis. The objective of this survey was to evaluate positive serology of toxoplasma gondii, in autistic children.
Methods: This case-control study was done on 3-12 years old children, referring to the neurology and psychiatry sub-special clinics of Baqiyatallah hospital and also autistic children of Omid-e Asr and Navid-e Asr general rehabilitation centers in Tehran, Iran. The study performed at 2012-2013. Forty autistic children were placed in the case group and 40 children, suffering from no neuropsychiatric disease or other ones, were placed in the control group. A folder, containing demographic data, type of the disor-der, onset of diagnosis and child characteristics at birth, such as time of birth (preterm/ term) fulfilled for each child. Sampling was done with 5 ml blood, for determining IgM and IgG antibody levels against toxoplasma gondii, using ELISA method. Data ana-lyzed by the software SPSS ver. 17 and descriptive and analytic analysis were done, us-ing central and dispersion indexes and also chi-Square test.
Results: The autistic group contained 34 boys and 6 girls (85 and 15 percent respectively), with the average age of 6 (±2.71) years old [minimum of 2.33 and maximum of 12]. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 4.01 (±1.87) years old. 87. The non-autistic group contained 17 boys and 23 girls (42.5 and 57.5 percent respectively), with the average age of 5.67 (±3.09) years old [minimum of two and maximum of 12]. IgM and IgG serology of all autistic children were negative, while in non-autistic group, 2.5 percent (1 child) were positive and 97.5 percent (39 ones) were negative. There were no statistically significant difference among these two groups according to the serology results.
(P=0.31).
Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference in comparing positive se-rology of toxoplasmosis, between the two groups. However, to obtain a perfect result, a larger sample size are required.
Mohammad Abbasinazari , Afshin Mohammad Alizadeh , Yusef Jamshidi,
Volume 72, Issue 3 (6-2014)
Abstract
Background: Judicious use of antibiotics is essential considering the growth of antimi-crobial resistance and escalating costs in health care. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin used widely for the treatment of various infections in outpatient and in-patient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ceftriaxone utilization before and after implementation of guidelines and physicians education.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional, before-after intervention study was performed in 6 wards of a teaching hospital in Tehran, Iran. The study was conducted in three phases: pre-guideline, educational interventions and post guideline implementation. The pre intervention phase included chart analysis of current ceftriaxone use in 200 consecutive patients from the representative wards included in the study. The educational interventions included preparation and distribution of ceftriaxone guidelines as pamphlets among physicians working in the studied wards. Also the clinical pharmacist returned to each ward and trained physicians regarding the correct use of ceftriaxone. In the post intervention phase immediately after the instruction, and in the follow up phase, one month later, a prospective analysis of ceftriaxone utilization was performed by chart review of 200 patients to detect changes in ceftriaxone utilization pattern.
Results: Four hundred cases were evaluated during study (200 before and 200 after physician’s education). The correct indication of ceftriaxone was 93% and 96% before and after the educational interventions respectively. Analysis showed that correct indi-cation of ceftriaxone did not change significantly before and after education (P= 0.188). Regarding to proper administration (dose, interval and duration) ceftriaxone utilization significantly changed after education (P< 0.001).
Conclusion: Adoption of the guidelines with associated training resulted in significant improvement in ceftriaxone administration pattern in the hospitals.
Seyedeh Zahra Bakhti, Saeid Latifi-Navid , Saber Zahri ,
Volume 72, Issue 9 (12-2014)
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent in development of gastroduode-nal diseases, such as chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcers, mucosa associated lym-phoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer. H. pylori has been associated with inflammation in cardia, showing the fact that infection with this bacterium could also be a risk factor for gastric cardia cancer. Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide. This is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and ap-proximately 700,000 people succumb each year to gastric adenocarcinoma. It has been estimated that 69% of the Iranian population currently harbor H. pylori infection. The prevalence of duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer is high in Iranian populations. However, this has been largely influenced by geographic and/or ethnic origin. Epidemi-ology studies have shown that host, environmental, and bacterial factors determine the outcome of H. pylori infection. The bacterium contains allelic diversity and high genet-ic variability into core- and virulence-genes and that this diversity is geographically and ethnically structured. The genetic diversity within H. pylori is greater than within most other bacteria, and its diversity is more than 50-fold higher than that of human DNA. The maintenance of high diversification makes this bacterium to cope with particular challenges in individual hosts. It has been reported that the recombination contributed to the creation of new genes and gene family. Furthermore, the microevolution in cagA and vacA genes is a common event, leading to a change in the virulence phenotype. These factors contribute to the bacterial survival in acidic conditions in stomach and protect it from host immune system, causing tissue damage and clinical disease. In this review article, we discussed the correlation between H. pylori virulence factors and clin-ical outcomes, microevolution of H. pylori virulence genes in a single host, microevolu-tion of H. pylori during primary infection and progression of atrophic gastritis to ade-nocarcinoma, and H. pylori infection status in Iran. Finally, we put forward the hy-pothesis that if the pattern of nucleotide sequence evolution shifts from recombination (r) to mutation (m) and the r/m ratio is reduced, bacterial pathogenicity may be re-duced while maintaining the bacterial life. However, this hypothesis should be further studied with future experiments.
Somayeh Zamani, Fatemeh Fotouhi Chahouki, Zahra Nourmohammadi , Saeideh Sadeghi Neshat, Vahideh Mazaheri , Ali Torabi , Behrokh Farahmand ,
Volume 73, Issue 7 (10-2015)
Abstract
Background: The influenza virus is one of the most important factors for higher morbidity and mortality in the world. Recently, researchers have been focused on influenza conserved antigenic proteins such as hemagglutinin stalk domain (HA2) for vaccine production and serological studies. The HA2 plays a major role in the fusion of the virus with host cells membrane. The immunity system enables to produce antibody against HA2. The aim of this study is polyclonal antibody production against influenza HA2. Methods: This study was done in the Influenza Research Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran for one year from September 2013 to October 2014. In the present study, recombinant HA2 protein was produced in prokaryotic system and purified using Nickel affinity chromatography. The purified HA2 was mixed with Freund’s adjuvant (complete and incomplete) and injected into two New Zealand white rabbits by intramuscularly and subcutaneously routes. Immunization was continued for several months with two weeks interval. Before each immunization, blood was drawn by venous puncture from the rabbit ear. Function of rabbit's sera was evaluated using radial immunodiffusion (RID) in both forms, Single RID (SRID) and Double RID (DRID). Finally, antiserum activity against HA2 was evaluated using western blotting as serological assay. Results: Sedimentary line and zone was observed in RID assays (SRID and DRID) represent interaction between HA2 protein and anti- HA2 antibody. As well as, western blotting results was positive for HA2 protein. Therefore, these results showed that polyclonal antibody produced against HA2 protein can identify HA2 protein antigenic sites. Conclusion: These findings show that humoral immune responses have properly been stimulated in rabbits and these antibodies can identify HA2 protein and may be suitable for other serological methods.
